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Chapter 4 study questions

front 1

What are the three components of a nucleotide?

back 1

  • The three components are a phosphate group, a five carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
    • The phosphate group is bonded to the sugar molecule which is then bonded to the nitrogenous base.

front 2

Which of these components are found in both RNA and DNA?

Which are found only in DNA or RNA?

back 2

All of them are found in both RNA and DNA, except DNA has a deoxyribose sugar instead of ribose in RNA.

front 3

Primary structure of RNA

back 3

  • When the nucleotides involved in a phosphodiester linkage contain the sugar ribose, RNA is produced but when they contain deoxyribose, DNA is produced.
    • The additional -OH group on ribose makes it much more reactive and supports RNA’s catalytic activity by making it less stable.
  • The pyrimidine base thymine is replaced by uracil in RNA.

front 4

Secondary structure of RNA

back 4

  • The purine and pyrimidine bases in RNA undergo hydrogen bonding with complementary bases on the same strand
  • RNA secondary structures can form spontaneously because the energy released makes the whole process favorable

front 5

Tertiary structure of RNA

back 5

RNA can have a tertiary structure that results when secondary structures fold into more complex shapes.

front 6

Describe the secondary structure of DNA.

back 6

  • Formed by hydrogen bonding between the nitrogenous bases.
  • Antiparallel: the two strands of DNA are side by side and running in opposite directions
    • One strand ran in the 5’ → 3’ direction while the other ran in the 3’ → 5’ direction
  • Double helix: formed when the antiparallel strands are twisted together
    • The coiled sugar-phosphate backbones end up on the outside of the spiral and the nitrogenous bases on the inside
    • Maintained by hydrogen bonding between complementary bases
  • Complementary pairing: for the bases of each backbone to fit in the interior, they have to form purine-pyrimidine pairs.
    • This pairing allows adenine to form two hydrogen bonds with thymine and guanine forms three hydrogen bonds with cytosine.
  • Base pairing: Van der waals interactions between the tightly stacked bases in the interior further contribute to the stability of the helix

front 7

Explain the statement, “DNA functions as an information-containing molecule."

back 7

  • DNA carries the information required for an organism’s growth and reproduction in the sequence of nucleotides.
    • The four nitrogenous bases function like letters in the alphabet.

front 8

Can RNA or DNA function as a catalytic molecule? Explain in the context of molecular and structural properties.

back 8

  • Only RNA can function as a catalytic molecule because DNA’s structure is very stable while RNA’s structure is versatile.
    • The -OH group in RNA makes it much less stable than DNA and also can support its catalytic function.
    • RNA has a tertiary structure therefore RNA molecules with different base sequences can have very different overall shapes and chemical properties.