front 1 Among the virulence factors produced by staphylococcus aureus are hemolysin, coagulase, hyaluronidase, and enterotoxin. Which of these factors contributes to the ability of S. aureus to invade the body? | back 1 Hyalurondase |
front 2 What feature of the skin creates a physical barrier to microbial invasion? | back 2 The outer layers are dead cells, lightly linked together,man dare frequently shed |
front 3 A small amount of antigen is injected under the skin of a patient. After 30 minutes there is no apparent change at the injection site, but 36 hours later the patient reports that the area is red and swollen. This type of response is due to | back 3 Type lV hypersensitivity |
front 4 Which complement protein is the key to activating the alternative pathway of complement activation? | back 4 C3 |
front 5 Which of the following molecules would contain T-independent antigens? | back 5 Polysaccharides |
front 6 The syndrome known as AIDS is characterized by | back 6 One or more opportunistic diseases and the presence of HIV |
front 7 A person comes to the clinic complaining of aching joints and muscles, swelling, and a decrease in urine output. The clinicians also notes a rash on the skin of the face. A probable diagnosis is | back 7 Systemic lupus erythematosus |
front 8 Toxoid vaccines are commonly used when? | back 8 Immunity to the toxins produced by a pathogen is sufficient to prevent disease |
front 9 First line of defense may be described as? | back 9 Intact skin, mucous membranes, sebum,tears and so forth |
front 10 What type of immunity is produced by the body when a person contracts a disease? | back 10 Naturally acquired active immunity |
front 11 After an initial exposure to a pathogen, the phenomenon of ______ produces a faster, more effective response to subsequent exposures. | back 11 Immunological memory |
front 12 Phagocytes are brought to a site of infection by? | back 12 Detection of chemokines and complement factor gradients |
front 13 The close contact between newborns and family members allows them to become _____ with microbes that become established as their macrobiota. | back 13 Contaminated |
front 14 Which of the following pairing of microbe and disease was disproven using Koch's postulates? | back 14 Haemophilus influenza and the flu |
front 15 Which of the following pairs of lymphocyte and glycoprotein is mismatched? | back 15 Th1:CD8 |
front 16 An agricultural worker experiences difficulty breathing, which becomes progressively worse. Tests show inflammation and damage of the lung tissue, but IgE antibodies and granulocytes are in the normal ranges. With which disorder of the immune system are these signs and symptoms consistent? | back 16 Type III ( immune complex-mediated) hypersensitivity |
front 17 Which of the following statements regarding the demonstration of the etiology of disease is FALSE? | back 17 The suspect agent must be the only potential pathogen present in disease cases |
front 18 Variolation was first used? | back 18 To immunize the Chinese against smallpox |
front 19 A new virus is discovered that causes cells to clump together. Which of the following types of assay would be useful for diagnosing infection with this virus? | back 19 Viral hemagglutination |
front 20 Which of the following types of epidemiology applies Koch's postulates to study a disease? | back 20 Experimental |
front 21 A person is exposed to desert air containing fungus spores and develops valley fever as a result. Valley fever is an example of a ______ disease. | back 21 Noncommunicable |
front 22 Which of the following combinations of pathogen and virulence factor is correct? | back 22 Streptococcus pyogenes and protein M |
front 23 Viral neutralization testing is based on the fact that | back 23 Viruses introduced into appropriate cell cultures have a cytopathic effect |
front 24 Mucous membranes are quite thin and fragile. How can such delicate tissue provide defense against microbial invaders? | back 24 The mucus physically traps microbes, contains a variety of antimicrobial chemicals, and is shed constantly, along with the outermost layer of cells. |
front 25 Primary immunodeficiency diseases | back 25 Are detectable close to birth |
front 26 The Fc portion of an antibody is formed by | back 26 Portions of both of the heavy chains only |
front 27 Which of the following iron-binding proteins is NOT part of the body's iron storage and transport system? | back 27 Siderophores |
front 28 How is the development of autoimmunity normally prevented? | back 28 Colonal deletion of T cells, lack of necessary cytokine signals, and regulatory T cell suppression prevent activation of autoreactive T cells. |
front 29 Serologic tests for diagnoses of disease may detect | back 29 Either antigens or antibodies specific for certain antigens |
front 30 The components of the second line of defense against microbes may be characterized as | back 30 Responders to invasion |
front 31 Anti- human antibodies (specific for human IgG antibodies) with fluorescent molecules covalently attached are used for | back 31 Both indirect ELISA and indirect fluorescent antibody tests |
front 32 Graft rejection can be reduced by | back 32 Preventing T cell proliferation |
front 33 Leukocytes migrate to a site of infection in response to | back 33 Chemokines |
front 34 Which of the following components of antigen processing is mismatched? | back 34 Endogenous antigen: MHC ll |
front 35 Which of the following statements regarding inactivated vaccine is correct? | back 35 It is safer than attenuated vaccines |
front 36 Protection from infection known as species resistance is a result of | back 36 Both the absence of necessary receptors and lack of suitable environment in the body. |
front 37 Which of the following statements is TRUE of eosinophils? | back 37 They secrete toxins onto the surface of helminth parasites |
front 38 Vomiting is a common sign of food poisoning. The corresponding symptoms would be | back 38 Nausea |
front 39 The name systemic lupus erythematosus refers in part to the distinctive rash resulting from | back 39 Antibody-antigen complexes accumulating in the skin |
front 40 Which of the following is NOT an example of symbiosis? | back 40 Microbes passing across the placenta to the fetus |
front 41 Phagocytic cells in the epidermis known as _____ contribute to its ability to prevent microbial invasion. | back 41 Dendritic cells |
front 42 Which of the following characteristics is shared by the skin and mucus membranes? | back 42 They are both constantly shedding and replacing cells |
front 43 The taxonomic approach to classifying disease is based on the | back 43 Type of microbe that causes the disease |
front 44 Type 1 helper T(Th1) cells produce ______ to stimulate increased phagocytosis, | back 44 Gamma interferon (INF-y) |
front 45 A young woman comes into the clinic complaining of itchy, red skin and swelling on her arms and legs. She had not been in any parks of wooded areas recently, but she had been shopping. A blood sample reveals elevated levels of granulocytes. What treatment is the physician likely to prescribe at this point? | back 45 Antihistamines |
front 46 Symptoms are | back 46 Subjective characteristics of a decease that only the patient can feel |
front 47 Which of the following statements concerning rheumatoid arthritis (ra) is True? | back 47 Accumulations of antibody complexes lead to inflammation in and destruction of the joints |
front 48 Which of the following is the key difference in the roles of the classical and alternative pathways of the complement system? | back 48 The range of microbes types that can be targeted |
front 49 What is the function of NK cells? | back 49 They identify and poison virus- infected cells |
front 50 The incidence of tuberculosis in the year 2000 in the United States was 12.43/100,000 cases. This means | back 50 There were 12.43 new cases of tuberculosis for every 100,000 people in the United States in the year 2000 |
front 51 An infectious disease researchers isolates the pathogen responsible for an emerging disease. The microbe is grown in the lab for many generations. A preparation of the laboratory- grown microbe is treated with ionizing radiation and then tested for its potential as a vaccine. What type of vaccine is this? | back 51 Inactivated whole |
front 52 During a visit to a hospital, a child receives the oral polio vaccine. He then returns to his distant village. Sometime later a polio outbreak occurs in the village, but the child and his siblings, who had not had the vaccine, are spread. What is the explanation for this event? | back 52 Contact immunity |
front 53 Fever is beneficial during viral infections because the higher temperature? | back 53 Increases the effectiveness of interferons |
front 54 Tissue samples can be tested for pathogen using _______ assays. | back 54 Direct fluorescent antibody |
front 55 How is hemolytic disease of the newborn prevented? | back 55 Administering anti-Rh IgG late in pregnancy and after pregnancy ends |
front 56 When immunization levels in a population are high, ________ provides protection from infection for at-risk persons who cannot be immunized. | back 56 Herd immunity |
front 57 Several days after a walk in the woods, Cheryl develops a localized rash. It is not painful and soon fades so she thinks nothing of it. Several months later she experiences increasing fatigue, low-grade fever, and a pain in the joints. These symptoms persist for months before she seeks medical attention. This description is most consistent with an ______ infection. | back 57 Chronic |
front 58 Which of the following is transmitted by the parental route? | back 58 Yellow fever |
front 59 Which of the following is the best definition of "microbial antagonism"? | back 59 The presence of normal macrobiota that protect the body by competing with pathogens in a variety of ways to prevent pathogens from invading the body |
front 60 Diseases that are induced by modern medical procedures are referred to as _______ infections. | back 60 Iatrogenic |
front 61 Treatment with high doses of antibiotics may lead to which types of health care associated infection? | back 61 Endogenous infection |
front 62 Titration is a serological procedure that | back 62 Determines the amount of an antibody in the blood |
front 63 Organisms that are resident microbiota are best described as | back 63 Microorganisms that remain with the person throughout life |