front 1 A paleontologist discovers the fossilized heart of an extinct animal. The evidence indicates that the organism's heart was large, well formed, and had four chambers, with no connection between the right and left sides. A reasonable conclusion supported by these observations is that the | back 1 animal was endothermic and had a high metabolic rate |
front 2 A group of students was designing an experiment to test the effect of smoking on grass frogs. They hypothesized that keeping the frogs in a smoke-filled environment for defined periods would result in the animals developing lung cancer. However, when they searched for previously published information to shore up their hypothesis, they discovered they were quite wrong in their original assessment. Even though they were never going to go ahead with their experiment (so as not to harm frogs needlessly), they knew that a more likely outcome of putting carcinogens in the air would be the development of | back 2 skin cancer |
front 3 Gas exchange in the aquatic salamander known as the axolotl is correctly described as | back 3 simple diffusion of oxygen into the salamander from the water |
front 4 Circulatory systems compensate for | back 4 the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances. |
front 5 The fluid that moves around in the circulatory system of a typical arthropod is | back 5 the interstitial fliud |
front 6 The circulatory system of bony fishes, rays, and sharks is similar to | back 6 the portal systems of mammals, where two capillary beds occur sequentially, without passage of blood through a pumping chamber |
front 7 Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have | back 7 a closed circulatory system |
front 8 In which of the following organisms does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body? | back 8 frogs |
front 9 The only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart are the | back 9 fishes |
front 10 To adjust blood pressure independently in the capillaries of the gas-exchange surface and in the capillaries of the general body circulation, an organism would need a(n) | back 10 four-chambered heart |
front 11 A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the thumb. To travel from the artery in the arm to the left ventricle, this red blood cell must pass through | back 11 two capillary beds |
front 12 Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in reptiles and mammals? | back 12 vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary circuit |
front 13 A patient with a blood pressure of 120/75, a pulse rate of 40 beats/minute, a stroke volume of 70 mL/beat, and a respiratory rate of 25 breaths/minute will have a cardiac output of | back 13 2,800 mL/minute |
front 14 Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans | back 14 would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions |
front 15 A stroke volume in the heart of 70 mL/cycle, with a pulse of 72 cycles per minute, results in a cardiac output of | back 15 5 L/minute |
front 16 The semilunar valves of the mammalian heart | back 16 prevent backflow of blood in the aorta and pulmonary arteries |
front 17 Heart rate will increase in the presence of increased | back 17 epinephrine |
front 18 Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta? | back 18 systole of the left ventricle |
front 19 The material present in arterioles that is not present in capillaries is | back 19 circular smooth muscle cells that can alter the size of the arterioles |
front 20 The set of blood vessels with the slowest velocity of blood flow is | back 20 the capillaries |
front 21 The set of blood vessels with the lowest blood pressure driving flow is | back 21 the veins |
front 22 An increased concentration of nitric oxide within a vascular bed is associated with | back 22 vasodilation |
front 23 Among the following choices, which organism likely has the highest systolic pressure? | back 23 giraffe |
front 24 Small swollen areas in the neck, groin, and axillary region are associated with | back 24 increased activity of the immune system |
front 25 The velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because | back 25 the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system |
front 26 The blood pressure is lowest in the | back 26 vena cava |
front 27 If, during protein starvation, the osmotic pressure on the venous side of capillary beds drops below the hydrostatic pressure, then | back 27 fluids will tend to accumulate in tissues. |
front 28 What will be the long-term effect of blocking the lymphatic vessels associated with a capillary bed? | back 28 the accumulation of more fluid in the interstitial areas |
front 29 A species that has a normal resting systolic blood pressure of >260 mm Hg is likely to be | back 29 an animal that has a very long distance between its heart and its brain. |
front 30 Large proteins such as albumin remain in capillaries rather than diffusing out, resulting in the | back 30 development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls. |
front 31 Large proteins such as albumin remain in capillaries rather than diffusing out, resulting in the | back 31 development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls |
front 32 The diagnosis of hypertension in adults is based on the | back 32 blood pressure being greater than 140 mm Hg systolic and/or >90 diastolic |
front 33 Dialysis is the process of filtering the blood; it is performed when kidney functionality is below normal. During dialysis, plasma and its proteins are separated from the cells. Dialysis patients, who will have blood withdrawn, dialyzed, and then replaced, are always weighed when they enter the facility and then weighed carefully again before they leave, because | back 33 even small changes in body weight may signify changes in blood volume and therefore blood pressure. |
front 34 Vasoconstriction of blood vessels delivering blood to the gut is a likely response when an individual is | back 34 stressed and secreting stress hormones |
front 35 In a healthy human, the typical life span of a red blood cell is | back 35 4 months |
front 36 The hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells and the organ where this hormone is synthesized are | back 36 erythropoietin and kidney, respectively |