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Mastering Biology Chapter 37

front 1

A simple nervous system

back 1

includes sensory information, an integrating center, and effectors.

front 2

Most of the neurons in the human brain are

back 2

interneurons

front 3

The nucleus and most of the organelles in a neuron are located in the

back 3

cell body

front 4

The point of connection between two communicating neurons is called the

back 4

synapse

front 5

In a simple synapse, neurotransmitter chemicals are released by

back 5

the presynaptic membrane

front 6

Although the membrane of a "resting" neuron is highly permeable to potassium ions, its membrane potential does not exactly match the equilibrium potential for potassium because the neuronal me

back 6

slighty permeable to sodium ions

front 7

The operation of the sodium-potassium "pump" moves

back 7

sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell

front 8

A cation that is more abundant as a solute in the cytosol of a neuron than it is in the interstitial fluid outside the neuron is

back 8

K+

front 9

The membrane potential that exactly offsets an ion's concentration gradient is called the

back 9

equilibrium postsynaptic potential

front 10

ATP hydrolysis directly powers the movement of

back 10

Na+ out of cells

front 11

Two fundamental concepts about the ion channels of a "resting" neuron are that the channels

back 11

open and close depending on stimuli, and are specific as to which ion can traverse them.

front 12

Opening all of the sodium channels, with all other ion channels closed–which is an admittedly artificial setting–on an otherwise typical neuron should move its membrane potential to

back 12

+62 mV

front 13

The "selectivity" of a particular ion channel refers to its

back 13

permitting passage only to a specific ion.

front 14

For a neuron with an initial membrane potential at -70 mV, an increase in the movement of potassium ions out of that neuron's cytoplasm would result in the

back 14

hyperpolarization of the neuron.

front 15

A graded hyperpolarization of a membrane can be induced by

back 15

increasing its membrane's permeability to K+.

front 16

Self-propagation and refractory periods are typical of

back 16

action potentials

front 17

The "threshold" potential of a membrane is the

back 17

minimum depolarization needed to operate the voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels

front 18

Action potentials move along axons

back 18

more rapidly in myelinated than in nonmyelinated axons

front 19

A toxin that binds specifically to voltage-gated sodium channels in axons would be expected to

back 19

prevent the depolarization phase of the action potential

front 20

After the depolarization phase of an action potential, the resting potential is restored by

back 20

the opening of voltage-gated potassium channels and the closing of sodium channels.

front 21

The "undershoot" phase of after-hyperpolarization is due to

back 21

sustained opening of voltage-gated potassium channels

front 22

Immediately after an action potential passes along an axon, it is not possible to generate a second action potential; thus, we state that the membrane is briefly

back 22

refractory

front 23

The fastest possible conduction velocity of action potentials is observed in

back 23

thick, myelinated neurons

front 24

In the sequence of permeability changes for a complete action potential, the first of these events that occurs is the

back 24

opening of voltage-gated sodium channels

front 25

Saltatory conduction is a term applied to

back 25

jumping from one node of Ranvier to the next in a myelinated neuron

front 26

Two fundamental principles that characterize gated ion channels in the neuronal membrane are that the channels

back 26

open and close depending on stimuli and are specific as to which ion can traverse them.