front 1 lung change in internal volume of the bell jar (thoracic cage) | back 1 diaphragm pushed up: decreased
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front 2 lung change in internal pressure | back 2 diaphragm pushed up: increased
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front 3 lung change in the size of the balloons (lungs) | back 3 diaphragm pushed up: decreased
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front 4 lung change in direction of air flow | back 4 diaphragm pushed up: increased into lungs
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front 5 under what internal conditions does air tend to flow into the lungs? | back 5 increase in thoracic volume
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front 6 under what internal conditions does air tend to flow out of the lungs? Explain why | back 6 decrease in thoracic volume, increase in pressure. Gases move in the direction that tends to equalize pressure inside and outside the "container" |
front 7 activation of the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles begins inspiratory process. What effect does contraction of these muscle have on thoracic volume and how is this accomplished? | back 7 increase in thoracic volume. The diaphragm moves inferiorly, increasing the superior/inferior dimension; the ribs swing up and out, increasing the lateral and anterior and posterior dimensions |
front 8 What was the approximate increase in diameter of chest circumference during a quiet inspiration?
| back 8 no data |
front 9 what temporary physiological advantage is created by the substantial increase in chest circumference during forced inspiration? | back 9 Increases the thoracic volume more; therefore, creates a greateer negative internal pressure, causing the gases to rush in quickly. Also, more "fresh" air reaches the alveoli. |
front 10 The presence of a partial vacuum between the pleural membranes is integral to normal breathing movements. What would happen if an opning were made into the chest cavity as with a pressure wound?
| back 10 Destroys the partial vacuum in the pleural space and the lung on the affected side collapses.
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front 11 which of the respiratory sounds is heard during both inspiration and expiration? | back 11 Bronchial |
front 12 Which is heard primarily during inspiration? | back 12 Vesicular |
front 13 Where did you best hear the vesticular respiratory sounds? | back 13 Heard over most of the lung area |
front 14 Volume of air present in the lungs after a forceful expiration | back 14 residual volume (~1100ml) |
front 15 volume of air that can be expired forcibly after a normal expiration | back 15 expiratory reserve (~1200ml) |
front 16 Volume of air that is breathed in and out during normal respiration | back 16 tidal volume (~500ml) |
front 17 Volume of air that can be inspired forcibly after a normal inspiration | back 17 inspiratory reserve (~2700-2800ml) |
front 18 volume of air corresponding to TV+IRV+ERV | back 18 vital capacity (~4800ml) |
front 19 would your vital capacity measurement differ if you preformed the test while standing? While lying down? Explain | back 19 Yes, both, when lying down or sitting the abdominal organs press against the diaphragm, making it harder for the diaphragm to move inferiorly |
front 20 Which respiratory ailments can respiratory volume tests be used to detect? | back 20 Chronic bronchitis and emphysema (often associated). Chronic bronchitis lowers the volume of air that can be inhaled due to excessive mucus production; emphysema decreases the amount of air that can be exhaled (check valve effect) |
front 21 % comp of air inspired | back 21 O2- 21%
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front 22 % comp of air expired | back 22 O2- 16%
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front 23 where are the neural control centers of respiratory rhythm? | back 23 Medulla oblongata
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front 24 respiratory rate and depths of respiratory peaks observed: talking | back 24 respiratory rate becomes irregular when talking |
front 25 resp. rate and depths of resp. peaks observed: Yawning | back 25 Yawning is reflected by very deep prolonged inspiration |
front 26 resp. rate and depths of resp peaks observed: Laughing | back 26 Respiratory rate becomes irregular. Respiratory depth may increase or decrease depending on the nature of the laugh |
front 27 Resp rate and depths of resp peaks observed: standing | back 27 regular rythm and rate |
front 28 resp rate and depths of resp peaks observed: Concentrating | back 28 resp rate is regular unless punctuated by intervals of apnea in individuals who hold their breath when concentrating |
front 29 resp rate and depths of resp peaks observed: Swallowing water | back 29 respiration ceases during the period of swallowing |
front 30 resp rate and depths of resp peaks observed: coughing | back 30 resp rate becomes irregular and marked by increased depth of expirations during coughing |
front 31 resp rate and depths of resp peaks observed: Lying down | back 31 regular rhythm and regular or slighly depressed rate. Depth decreases |
front 32 resp rate and depths of resp peaks observed: running in place | back 32 increased rate and depth of breathing |
front 33 After breathing quietly and taking a deep breath which you held, was your urge to inspire or expire | back 33 expire |
front 34 reflex when exhaling and then holding breath | back 34 inspiration |
front 35 Explain results of breathing relexes | back 35 Hering-Breuer reflex. Both extreme deflation and inflation of the lungs excites receptors there. Impulses are transmitted to the medulla oblongata, which then initiates inspiration or expiration. |
front 36 Why does hyperventilation produce apnea or a reduced respiratory rate? | back 36 Hyperventilation washes CO2 out of the blood. Since CO2 is the major chemical stimulus for inspiration, the desire or drive to breathe is decreased |
front 37 Why does rebreathing air produce an increased respiratory rate? | back 37 CO2 (exhaled) accumulateds in the bag; this stimulates increased force/rate of respiration |
front 38 What was the effect of running in place (exercise) on the duration of breath holding? Explain | back 38 decreases the duration because of the bodys need to get rid of CO2 and obtain 02 is increased by exercise |
front 39 effect of respiration on circulation, explain data | back 39 Forced expiration increases intrathoracic pressure, reducing blood flow back to the heart, resulting in dilation of the neck and facial veins. Decreased cardiac output results in increased cardiac rate (seen here as increased pulse) |
front 40 Increase in blood CO2..increase or decrease with respiratory rate and depth | back 40 Increase |
front 41 Decrease in blood O2...increase/ decrease with resp rate and depth | back 41 Increase |
front 42 Increase in blood pH...increase/decrease with resp rate and depth | back 42 Decrease |
front 43 Decrease in blood pH...increase/decrease with resp rate and depth | back 43 Increase |
front 44 Did it appear that CO2 or O2 had a more marked effect on modifying the resp rate? | back 44 CO2 |
front 45 where are sensory receptors sensitive to changes in BP located? | back 45 Aortic arch and carotid sinus |
front 46 where are sensory receptors sensitive to changes in O2 levels in the blood located? | back 46 Aortic bodies in the aortic arch and carotid bodies at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery |
front 47 What is the primary factor that initiates breathing in a newborn infant | back 47 increase levels of CO2 in the blood |
front 48 blood Co2 levels and blood ph are related. When blood CO2 levels increase, does ph increase or decrease? | back 48 Decrease because CO2 combines with H20 to produce carbonicc acid (H2CO3) which dissociates and liberates a H ion |
front 49 Which if any of the measurable respiratory volumes would likely b exagerrated in a person who is cardiovascularly it such as a runner or swimmer | back 49 VC
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front 50 which if any of the measurable resp volumes would likely be exaggerated in a person who has smoked a lot for 20 yrs | back 50 VC
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front 51 define BUFFER | back 51 a molecule or molecular system that acts to resist changes in pH |
front 52 How successful was the lab buffer (pH7) in resisting changes in pH when acid was added? | back 52 very successful |
front 53 when base was added? | back 53 very successful |
front 54 How successful was the buffer in resisting changes in pH when additional aliquots 3 more drops of the acid and base were added to the original samples? | back 54 Successful; only slight pH changes are seen |
front 55 What buffer system operates in blood plasma | back 55 Carbonic acid bicarbonate system |
front 56 which member of the buffer system resists a DROP in ph? | back 56 HCO3 |
front 57 which member of the buffer system resists a RISE in pH? | back 57 H2CO3 |
front 58 Expllain how the carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer system of the blood operates? | back 58 H2CO3 a weak acid remains undissociated at physiologic pH or acid pH. However, if the pH starts to rise, H2CO3 dissociates and liberates H, which acts to lower the pH. HCO3(bicarbonate ion) is the alkaline reserve; it acts to tie up excess H into the H2CO3 when the enviornment gets too acidic. Since it is a weak base, it doesnt unction under physiologic or alkaline conditions |
front 59 what happened when the CO2 in exhaled air mixed with water | back 59 Phenol red turned yellow as CO2 mixed with water to form carbonic acid |
front 60 what role does exhalation of CO2 play in maintaing relatively constant blood pH | back 60 CO2 leaves the blood during exhalation. This prevents an accumulation of Carbonic acid (H2CO3) |