Sac 3: 10% NaCl in distilled water

NaCl diffused from the sac into the water; silver nitrate added to the water showed the presence of Cl–. Osmosis caused water to enter the sac because the solution in the sac was hypertonic to the distilled water in the beaker.

Sac 4: 40% sucrose and Congo red dye in distilled water

The Congo red dye did not diffuse from the sac into the water; the water in the beaker did not turn red. The sucrose did not diffuse from the sac; upon boiling, some of the sucrose bonds are hydrolyzed, releasing glucose and fructose. Using Benedict’s test then indicates the presence of glucose if sucrose passed through the membrane; the Benedict’s test was negative. Water moved into the sac by osmosis; the sac gained weight.

What single characteristic of the differentially permeable membranes used in the laboratory determines the substances that can pass through them? In addition to this characteristic, what other factors influence the passage of substances through living membranes?

Size of pores. Solubility in the lipid portion of the membrane and/or presence of membrane “carriers” for the substance(s).

A semipermeable sac containing 4% NaCl, 9% glucose, and 10% albumin is suspended in a solution with the following com- position: 10% NaCl, 10% glucose, and 40% albumin. Assume that the sac is permeable to all substances except albumin. State whether each of the following will (a) move into the sac, (b) move out of the sac, or (c) not move.

glucose: a, moves into sac
albumin:c, does not move
water: b, moves out of sac
NaCl: a, moves into sac

Summarize the results of Activity 5, Experiment 1 (diffusion through living membranes—the egg), below. List and explain your observations.

Egg 1 in distilled water:
Water moves by osmosis from an area of higher water concentration into an area of lower water concentration.
Egg 2 in 30% sucrose:
solution. Water moves by osmosis from an area of higher water concentration into an area of lower water concentration.

The diagrams below represent three microscope fields containing red blood cells. Arrows show the direction of net osmosis.
Which field contains a hypertonic solution? _________ The cells in this field are said to be ___________________. Which

field contains an isotonic bathing solution? ____ Which field contains a hypotonic solution? ________ What is happening
to the cells in this field? ____________________________________________________

c, crenated, b, a, Hemolysis; they are bursting as excessive water entry occurs.

a. The faster-diffusing gas is _________________.

NH4OH

b. The precipitate forms closer to the __________________ end.

HCl

What determines whether a transport process is active or passive?

Whether or not the cell must provide ATP for the process; if so, the process is active.

Passive processes

a. account for the movement of fats and respiratory gases through the plasma membrane
c. include osmosis, simple diffusion, and filtration
e. use hydrostatic pressure or molecular energy as the driving force

Active Processes

b. explain solute pumping, phagocytosis, and pinocytosis
d. may occur against concentration and/or electrical gradients
f. move ions, amino acids, and some sugars across the plasma membrane

For the osmometer demonstration (Activity 4), explain why the level of the water column rose during the laboratory session.

The thistle tube was immersed in a dialysis sac which, in turn, was immersed in water. Since water will move down its concentration gradient if it is able, water diffused from the beaker into the sac, where its concentration was much lower.
As a result, the fluid column (molasses and entering water) rose in the thistle tube.

diffusion:

Movement of molecules from a region of their higher concentration to an area where they are in lower concentration.

osmosis

Diffusion of water through a semipermeable or differentially permeable membrane. Water moves from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration, from hypotonic to hypertonic solution.

simple diffusion

Movement of molecules from a region of their higher concentration to a lower region of their concentration. Its driving force is kinetic energy of the molecules themselves.

filtration

Passage of substances across a membrane from an area of higher hydrostatic pressure to an area of lower hydrostatic pressure.

active transport

A transport system that requires that the cell provide ATP. One such system moves substances across the cell membrane attached to a carrier molecule called a solute pump.

phagocytosis:

Engulfment of extracellular particles by pseudopod formation. “Cell eating.”

fluid-phase endocytosis

Intake of extracellular fluids by vesicle formation. “Cell drinking.”