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Respiratory System

front 1 Air and food are routed into the proper channels by the ________. A) larynx B) pharynx C) trachea D) carina	back 1 A) larynx
front 2 The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is ________. A) to secrete surfactant B) to protect the lungs from bacterial invasion C) to replace mucus in the alveoli D) to trap dust and other debris	back 2 A) to secrete surfactant
front 3 Fill in the missing organs of the respiratory system: ________________ (air enters) → nasal cavity → _________________ (both air and food move through) → trachea → ___________________ (large tubes leading to both lungs) → lungs	back 3 NOSE-- LARYNX--BRONCHI
front 4 Each lung is surrounded by two layers of serous membrane known as pleurae. These are: __________ pleura; covers the surface of the lung __________ pleura; lines the thoracic wall	back 4 1) VISCERAL PLEURA 2) PARIETAL PLEURA

front 5 The thin fluid-filled space between the two pulmonary pleurae in is called the ____________ cavity and it is filled with ___________ fluid. This fluid assists breathing movements by acting as a ________________.	back 5 1) PLEURAL CAVITY 2) PLEURAL FLUID
front 6 Bronchial tree	back 6 the branching system of bronchi and bronchioles conducting air from the windpipe into the lungs.
front 7 Air flows from the trachea through the ______________, ______________, and ______________ bronchi to smaller and smaller bronchi. The trachea and bronchi contain ______________ to keep the airways open.	back 7 1) MAIN BRONCHI 2) SECONDARY BRONCHI 3) TERTIARY BRONCHI 4) SUPPORTING CARTILEDGE
front 8 Airways from the nasal cavity through the terminal bronchioles are called the __________________ zone. The function of this zone is to _____________ and ______________ the air. Is there gas exchange in this zone?	back 8 1) CONDUCTING ZONE 2) WARM AND MOISTEN 3) NO

front 9 Two groups of digestive organs	back 9 Alimentary canal (gastrointestinal or GI tract) Digests and absorbs food Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
front 10 Accessory digestive organs	back 10 Teeth, tongue, gallbladde
front 11 Digestive glands	back 11 Salivary glands Liver Pancreas
front 12 Digestive Processes, Six essential activities	back 12 1.Ingestion 2.Propulsion 3.Mechanical digestion 4.Chemical digestion 5.Absorption 6.Defecation

front 13 General Characteristics of the Alimentary Canal	back 13 The alimentary canal is a muscular tube about 8 meters long
front 14 Peritoneum Visceral peritoneum Parietal peritoneum	back 14 serous membrane of the abdominal cavity external surface of most digestive organs lines the body wall
front 15 Peritoneal cavity	back 15 Between the two peritoneums –Fluid lubricates mobile organs
front 16 Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity Mesentery is a Retroperitoneal organs lie posterior to the peritoneum Intraperitoneal (peritoneal) organs are surrounded by the peritoneum	back 16 double layer of peritoneum –Routes for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves –Holds organs in place and stores fat

front 17 Retroperitoneal organs lie	back 17 posterior to the peritoneum
front 18 Intraperitoneal (peritoneal) organs are	back 18 surrounded by the peritoneum
front 19 Blood Supply	back 19 Arteries Hepatic, splenic, and left gastric Inferior and superior mesenteric
front 20 Splanchnic Circulation	back 20 Hepatic portal circulation Drains nutrient-rich blood from digestive organs Delivers it to the liver for processing

front 21 Submucosal plexus	back 21 controls secretions
front 22 Myenteric plexus	back 22 controls gastrointestinal motility
front 23 Parasympathetic impulses	back 23 increase activities of digestive system
front 24 Sympathetic impulses	back 24 inhibit certain digestive actions

front 25 The mouth: This action is called mastication	back 25 Ingests food Mechanically breaks up solid particles using saliva Prepares food for chemical digestion
front 26 Cheeks and Lips	back 26 The cheeks form the lateral walls of the mouth The lips are highly mobile structures that surround the mouth opening
front 27 Tongue	back 27 The tongue is a thick, muscular organ that occupies the floor of the mouth and nearly fills the oral cavity when the mouth is closed
front 28 Palate	back 28 forms the roof of the oral cavity and consists of a hard anterior part and a soft posterior part

front 29 Salivary Glands	back 29 secrete saliva This begins the digestion of carbohydrates
front 30 The three pairs of major salivary glands, including:	back 30 Parotid glands Submandibular glands Sublingual glands
front 31 There are many minor glands scattered throughout the	back 31 mucosa of the tongue, palate, and cheeks
front 32 Serous cells produce a watery fluid with a digestive enzyme called	back 32 salivary amylase

front 33 Mucous cells secrete	back 33 mucous
front 34 Parotid glands	back 34 Secrete clear watery, serous fluid Rich in salivary amylase
front 35 Submandibular glands	back 35 Secrete primarily serous fluid and some mucus
front 36 Sublingual glands	back 36 Secrete primarily mucus

front 37 Pharynx and Esophagus	back 37 The pharynx is a cavity posterior to the mouth from which the tubular esophagus leads to the stomach Both the pharynx and esophagus muscular walls function in swallowing
front 38 The pharynx can be divided into the following parts	back 38 Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx
front 39 Swallowing can be divided into three stages:	back 39 Voluntary stage where saliva is mixed with chewed food Swallowing begins and the swallowing reflex is triggered Peristalsis transports food in the esophagus to the stomach The peristaltic waves pushes food through the pharynx
front 40 Esophagus	back 40 Flat muscular tube from laryngopharynx to stomach Pierces diaphragm at esophageal hiatus Joins stomach at the cardiac orifice

front 41 Stomach	back 41 is a J-shaped, pouch-like organ, about 25-30 centimeters long It hangs inferior to the diaphragm in the upper-left portion of the abdominal cavity
front 42 The stomach has three layers of smooth muscle	back 42 An inner circular layer An outer longitudinal layer A further inner layer of oblique fibers
front 43 The mucous membrane of the stomach has tubular gastric glands that secrete:	back 43 Pepsinogen Pepsin Hydrochloric acid Mucus Intrinsic factor
front 44 The mucous membrane of the stomach has tubular gastric glands that secrete: Pepsinogen	back 44 From the chief cells Inactive form of pepsin

front 45 The mucous membrane of the stomach has tubular gastric glands that secrete: Pepsin	back 45 From pepsinogen in the presence of hydrochloric acid Is a protein splitting enzyme
front 46 The mucous membrane of the stomach has tubular gastric glands that secrete: Hydrochloric acid	back 46 From the parietal cells Needed to convert pepsinogen to pepsin
front 47 The mucous membrane of the stomach has tubular gastric glands that secrete: Mucus	back 47 From the goblet cells and the mucous glands Protective to stomach wall
front 48 The mucous membrane of the stomach has tubular gastric glands that secrete: Intrinsic factor	back 48 From the parietal cells Is required for vitamin B12 absorption

front 49 Gastric Absorption	back 49 Gastric enzymes begin breaking down proteins, but the stomach is not well-adapted to absorb digestive products
front 50 The stomach does absorb:	back 50 Some water Certain salts Certain lipid-soluble drugs Alcohol
front 51 The pancreas has a dual function	back 51 as both an endocrine gland and exocrine gland
front 52 The exocrine function	back 52 is to secrete digestive juice called pancreatic juice

front 53 endocrine gland	back 53 ductless
front 54 Pancreatic juice contains	back 54 enzymes that digest carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids
front 55 Pancreatic amylase	back 55 – splits glycogen into disaccharides
front 56 Pancreatic lipase	back 56 breaks down triglycerides

front 57 Digest proteins	back 57 Trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and carboxypeptidase
front 58 Nucleases	back 58 – digest nucleic acids
front 59 Bicarbonate ions	back 59 – make pancreatic juice alkaline
front 60 Regulation of Pancreatic Secretion CCK induces the secretion	back 60 of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice by acini

front 61 Regulation of Pancreatic Secretion Secretin causes	back 61 secretion of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice by duct cells
front 62 Regulation of Pancreatic Secretion Vagal stimulation also	back 62 causes release of pancreatic juice (minor stimulus)
front 63 Liver	back 63 The liver is the largest internal organ It is located in the upper-right abdominal quadrant just beneath the diaphragm
front 64 The liver carries on many important metabolic activities, including:	back 64 Produces glycogen from glucose Breaks down glycogen into glucose Converts non-carbohydrates to glucose Oxidizes fatty acids Synthesizes lipoproteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol Converts carbohydrates and proteins into fats Deaminating amino acids Forms urea Synthesizes plasma proteins Converts some amino acids to other amino acids Stores glycogen, iron, and vitamins A, D, and B12 Phagocytosis of worn out RBCs and foreign substances Removes toxins such as alcohol and certain drugs from the blood

front 65 Bile	back 65 Bile is a yellowish-green liquid that hepatic cells continuously secrete
front 66 Bile contains	back 66 Water Bile salts:
front 67 Bile salts:	back 67 Emulsify fats Help absorb fatty acids, cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins Bile pigments Cholesterol Electrolytes
front 68 Functions of Bile Salts	back 68 Bile salts aid digestive enzymes They reduce surface tension and break fat globules into droplets (like soap or detergent) and this is called emulsification They enhance absorption of fatty acids and cholesterol They help absorb fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K Bile salts are recycled as they return to the liver

front 69 Bile secretion is stimulated by	back 69 –Bile salts in enterohepatic circulation –Secretin from intestinal cells exposed to HCl and fatty chyme
front 70 Small Intestine consists of three parts that include:	back 70 Duodenum Jejunum Ileum
front 71 Functions of the Large Intestine	back 71 Has little or no digestive function Absorbs water and electrolytes Secretes mucus Houses intestinal flora Forms feces Carries out defecation
front 72 Feces is composed of materials not digested or absorbed, and include:	back 72 Water Electrolytes Mucus Bacteria Bile pigments altered by bacteria provide the color

front 73 The pungent odor is produced by bacterial compounds including:	back 73 Phenol Hydrogen sulfide Indole Skatole Ammonia
front 74 the layers of the alimentary canal, starting with the outermost layer	back 74 Serosa, Longitudinal Muscle, Circular Muscle, Submucosa, Mucosa
front 75 Where is salivary amylase released from?	back 75 Parotid gland
front 76 What does salivary amylase digest?	back 76 Carbohydrates Glucose

front 77 Gastrin: What is it for?	back 77 Hormone secreted by the stomach that regulates gastric juice secretion by stimulating HCl production.
front 78 Secretion of Cholecystokinin(CCK) from the intestinal wall is stimulated in the presence of what foods?	back 78 no data
front 79 Secretin:	back 79 inhibits the action of pancreatic lipase.
front 80 no data	back 80 - occurs in stomach

front 81 Segmentation	back 81 occurs in small intestine
front 82 What is the part of the digestive tract with the most lymph nodules and bacteria?	back 82 Ileum
front 83 What is the greater omentum formed out of?	back 83 Peritoneal membrane
front 84 If the liver is damaged , what is going to be harder to digest?	back 84 Lipids

front 85 Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ____?	back 85 Increased
front 86 Peristaltic waves; where are they starting?	back 86 Esophagus
front 87 The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place….	back 87 Mesenteries
front 88 Expiration, unlike inspiration, is a passive act. Expiration depends on 2 factors…	back 88 Elastic recoil of the lungs Surface tension of alveolar fluid

front 89 What structure has the greatest surface area for gas exchange in the lungs	back 89 Alveoli
front 90 What determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?	back 90 Partial pressure gradient
front 91 In high altitude, how does the body compensated for the decreased oxygen in your lungs?	back 91 Erythropoietin
front 92 The force responsible for normal expiration is____	back 92 elastic recoil of tissues and surface tension.

front 93 The Pharynx	back 93 the common passage way for both air and food
front 94 Epiglottis	back 94 “Saves you from dying”
front 95 In a protein deficient diet, what happens to the water in your cells?	back 95 Fluid leaves the cells and fills into the interstitial tissue
front 96 How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood? A) chemically combined with the amino acids of hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin in the red blood cells B) as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red blood cells C) as carbonic acid in the plasma D) chemically combined with the heme portion of hemoglobin	back 96 B) as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red blood cells

front 97 A fluid secreted into the small intestine during digestion that contains cholesterol, emulsification agents, and phospholipids is ________. A) bile B) pancreatic juice C) intestinal juice D) gastric juice	back 97 A) bile
front 98 When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called ________. A) absorption B) secretion C) chemical digestion D) mechanical digestion	back 98 C) chemical digestion
front 99 Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed? A) B12 B) K C) A D) C	back 99 A) B12
front 100 The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________. A) loss of oxygen in tissues B) increase of carbon dioxide C) pH (acidosis) D) pH (alkalosis)	back 100 B) increase of carbon dioxide

front 101 The relationship between the pressure and volume of gases is given by ________. A) Boyle's law B) Henry's law C) Charles' law D) Dalton's law	back 101 A) Boyle's law
front 102 The terminal portion of the small intestine is known as the ________. A) duodenum B) ileum C) jejunum D) pyloric sphincter	back 102 B) ileum
front 103 Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is A) less than the pressure in the atmosphere. B) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere. C) equal to the pressure in the atmosphere. D) greater than the intra-alveolar pressure.	back 103 B) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.
front 104 Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract if you were to blow up a balloon? A) diaphragm would contract, external intercostals would relax B) internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract C) external intercostals would contract and diaphragm would relax D) diaphragm contracts, internal intercostals would relax	back 104 B) internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract

front 105 The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to ________. A) carry toxins to the venous system for disposal through the urinary tract B) collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage C) distribute hormones D) return glucose to the general circulation when blood sugar is low	back 105 B) collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage
front 106 Which of the following correctly describes mechanisms of CO2 transport? A) 710% of CO2 is dissolved directly into the plasma B) 20% of CO2 is carried in the form of carbaminohemoglobin C) as bicarbonate ion in plasma D) attached to the heme part of hemoglobin	back 106 D) attached to the heme part of hemoglobin
front 107 Which of the following is true concerning the number and type of permanent teeth? A) There are 32 permanent teeth, and the wisdom teeth are the last to emerge. B) There are 27 permanent teeth, and the first molars are usually the last to emerge. C) The number of permanent teeth is always equal to the number of primary teeth. D) The number of upper permanent teeth is not equal to the number of lower permanent teeth.	back 107 A) There are 32 permanent teeth, and the wisdom teeth are the last to emerge.
front 108 Hydrochloric acid is secreted by which of the secretory cells of the stomach? A) chief cells B) parietal cells C) serous cells D) mucous neck cells	back 108 B) parietal cells

front 109 The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases ________. A) Henry's law B) Boyle's law C) Dalton's law D) Charles' law	back 109 C) Dalton's law
front 110 The mechanical and chemical receptors that control digestive activity are located ________. A) in the glandular tissue that lines the organ lumen B) in the walls of the tract organs C) in the pons and medulla D) only in the esophagus because this is the only part of the tract that needs to change to accommodate food passage	back 110 B) in the walls of the tract organs
front 111 Peristaltic waves are ________. A) segmental regions of the gastrointestinal tract B) churning movements of the gastrointestinal tract C) pendular movements of the gastrointestinal tract D) waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another	back 111 D) waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another
front 112 Select the statement that is true concerning primary teeth. A) There are 27 primary teeth, and the molars are permanent. B) There are 24 primary teeth, and no new primary teeth appear after 13 months. C) There are 20 primary teeth, and by 24 months of age most children have all 20. D) There are 32 primary teeth, and most children lose these teeth due to decay because they are never very strong.	back 112 C) There are 20 primary teeth, and by 24 months of age most children have all 20

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Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood:

A) During normal activity, a molecule of hemoglobin returning to the lungs carries one molecule of O2.

B) During conditions of acidosis, hemoglobin is able to carry oxygen more efficiently.

C) Increased BPG levels in the red blood cells enhance oxygen-carrying capacity.

D) A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal.

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D) A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal.

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Question

Correct Match

Selected Match

Item A

appendix

Item B

ileum

Item C

duodenum

Item D

jejunum

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