front 1 What are the 5 functions of the respiratory system? | back 1 1. Provide extensive gas exchange surface area 2. move air to and from gas exchange surface area 3. protects respiratory surfaces from outside 4. produces sounds 5. participates in olfactory sense |
front 2 Where is the division line for the upper and lower respiratory tracts? | back 2 the layrnx |
front 3 What makes up the conduction portion of the respiratory tract? | back 3 nasal cavity to bronchioles |
front 4 What makes up the respiratory portion? | back 4 bronchioles to alveoli |
front 5 Why are alveoli ideal for gas exchange? | back 5 they have very thin walls and a huge surface area |
front 6 The respiratory defense system consists of a series of ______________ mechanisms that removes particles and pathogens. | back 6 filtration |
front 7 What are the components of the RS defenses? | back 7 Mucous cells and glands Cilia Filtration in nasal cavity Alveolar macrophages |
front 8 This is the inflammation of bronchial walls and causes constriction and breathing difficulty. | back 8 Bronchitis |
front 9 Bronchioles branch into __________ _________. | back 9 Terminal bronchiols |
front 10 True or False: Bronchioles have no cartilage and are dominated by smooth muscle. | back 10 True |
front 11 This regulates smooth muscle, controls diameter of bronchioles, and controls airflow and resistance in lungs. | back 11 Autonomic control |
front 12 This is the dilation of bronchial airways, caused by sympathetic ANS activation, and reduces resistance. | back 12 Bronchodilation |
front 13 This constricts the bronchi, is caused by parasympathetic ANS activation and histamine release (allergic reaction). | back 13 Bronchoconstriction |
front 14 This is the result of excessive stimulation and bronchoconstriction and stimulation severely restricts airflow. | back 14 Asthma |
front 15 Each terminal bronchiole delivers air to a single ________ _______. | back 15 pulmonary lobule |
front 16 Each pulmonary lobule is supplied by pulmonary ________ and _______. | back 16 arteries veins |
front 17 Each terminal bronchiole branches to form several ________ ____________, where gas exchange takes place. | back 17 Respiratory bronchioles |
front 18 Respiratory bronchioles are connected to alveoli along ________ _______. | back 18 alveolar ducts |
front 19 Alveolar ducts end at ________ ______. | back 19 alveolar sacs |
front 20 Alveolar epithelium consists of what? | back 20 simple squamous epithelium thin, delicate pneumocytes type I |
front 21 Alveolar epithelium are patrolled by what? | back 21 alveolar macrophages |
front 22 Alveolar epithelium contains pneumocytes type II that produce what? | back 22 Surfactant |
front 23 This is an oily secretion that contains phospholipids and proteins. It coats alveolar surfaces and reduces surface tension. | back 23 Surfactant |
front 24 This is difficult respiration due to alveolar collapse and is caused when pneumocytes type II do not produce enough surfactant. | back 24 Respiratory distress syndrome |
front 25 What are the three layers of the respiratory membrane? | back 25 1. Squamous epithelial cells lining the alveolus 2. Endothelial cells lining an adjacent capillary 3. Fused basement membranes between the alveolar and endothelial cells |
front 26 This is the inflammation of the lobules. It causes fluid to leak into alveoli and compromises the function of respiratory membrane. | back 26 Pneumonia |
front 27 The alveolar capillaries are the site of what enzyme? | back 27 ACE |
front 28 Venous blood by passes the ________ circuit and flows into the pulmonary veins. | back 28 Systemic |
front 29 True or false: Blood pressure in the pulmonary circuit is low. | back 29 True |
front 30 Pulmonary vessels are easily blocked by what? | back 30 Blood clots fat air bubbles |
front 31 When a pulmonary blockage occurs, what is it called? | back 31 Pulmonary embolism |
front 32 Respiration refers to what two integrated processes? | back 32 1. External respiration 2. Internal respiration |
front 33 What are the three processes of external respiration? | back 33 1. Pulmonary ventilation (breathing) 2. Gas diffusion (across membranes and capillaries) 3. Transport of O2 and CO2 (between alveolar capillaries and capillary beds in other tissues) |
front 34 Abnormal external respiration is dangerous. What are the two conditions that can be caused by this? | back 34 Hypoxia - low tissue oxygen levels Anoxia - complete lack of oxygen |
front 35 This is the physical movement of air in and out of the respiratory tract. | back 35 Pulmonary ventilation |
front 36 The movement of air is what? | back 36 Atmospheric pressure |
front 37 The aspect of air has several important physiological effects. | back 37 The weight of air |
front 38 Boyles law defines? | back 38 The relationship between gas pressure and volume |
front 39 What is the formula for Boyles law? | back 39 P=1/V |
front 40 In a contained gas, external pressure forces molecules to do what? | back 40 move closer together |
front 41 Air flows from an area of ______ pressure to an area of _______ pressure. | back 41 higher lower |
front 42 A respiratory cycle consist of? | back 42 an inspiration an expiration |
front 43 Pulmonary ventilation cause volume changes that create changes in the what? | back 43 Pressure |
front 44 How does the volume of the thoracic cavity change? | back 44 with expansion or contraction of diaphragm or rib cage |
front 45 This is an indicator of expandability. | back 45 Compliance |
front 46 Low compliance requires _______ force. | back 46 greater |
front 47 High compliance requires ______ force. | back 47 Less |
front 48 What are three factors that affect compliance? | back 48 Connective tissue structure of the lungs Level of surfactant production Mobility of the thoracic cage |
front 49 True or False: Pressure changes during inhalation and exhalation can be measured inside or outside the lungs. | back 49 True |
front 50 What is normal atmospheric pressure? | back 50 1 atm = 760 mm Hg |
front 51 The intrapulmonary pressure is relative to ________ pressure. | back 51 atmospheric pressure |
front 52 True or false: In relaxed breathing, the difference between atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure is large. | back 52 False. its small |
front 53 This is the maximum straining, a dangerous activity, can increase range and is known as what? | back 53 Maximum Intrapulmonary Pressure |
front 54 This is the pressure in the space between parietal and visceral pleura and remains below atmospheric pressure throughout respiratory cycle. | back 54 The intrapleural pressure |
front 55 These are cyclical changes in the intrapleural pressure operate the respiratory pump. | back 55 The respiratory cycle |
front 56 Define tidal volume. | back 56 Amount of air moved in and out of lungs in a single respiratory cycle |
front 57 When an injury to the chest wall allows air into the pleural cavity. | back 57 Pneumothorax |
front 58 This is known as a collapsed lung and is the result of the pneumothorax. | back 58 Atelectasis |
front 59 What are the most important muscle in the RS? | back 59 The diaphragm External intercostal muscles of the rib Accessory respiratory muscles |
front 60 True or False: Inhalation is always active. | back 60 True |
front 61 True or False Exhalation is always passive. | back 61 False it can be active or passive |
front 62 What role does the diaphragm play? | back 62 contraction draws air into the lungs 75% of normal air movement |
front 63 What role does the external intercostal muscles play? | back 63 Assist inhalation 25% of normal air movement |
front 64 What are the accessory muscles that assist in elevating the ribs? | back 64 Sternocleidomastoid Serratus anterior Pectoralis minor Scalene muscles |
front 65 What are the muscles used in exhalation? | back 65 Internal intercostals - depress the ribs Abdominal muscles - compress the abdomen and force diaphragm upward |
front 66 True or false: Respiratory movements are classified by pattern of muscle activity in quiet breathing and forced breathing. | back 66 True |
front 67 This involves active inhalation and passive exhalation. | back 67 Quiet breathing (eupnea) |
front 68 Diaphragmatic breathing or deep breathing is dominated by what? | back 68 The diaphragm |
front 69 Costal breathing or shallow breathing is dominated by what? | back 69 Rib cage movements |
front 70 This is when inhalation muscles relax. | back 70 Elastic rebound |
front 71 This involves active inhalation and exhalation, assisted by accessory muscles and maximum levels occur in exhaustion. | back 71 Forced breathing (hyperpnea) |