front 1 Who was the first American radiation worker to die from radiation-induced cancer in October 1904 | back 1 Clarence Madison Dally |
front 2 Which of the following effects must be measured to determine the total amount of radiation exposure in a specific volume of dry air under standard conditions of pressure and temperature (760 mm Hg or 1 atmosphere at sea level and 22 degree C) | back 2 Quantity of ionization |
front 3 In diagnostic radiology energy range (which includes mammography) from 23 to 150 kVp, which of the following tissues possesses the greatest ability to absorb radiant energy through the process of photoelectric absorption? | back 3 Bone |
front 4 If a patient receiving x-ray therapy treatment receives a total dosage of 6000 rads, the dosage may be recorded as ______ if the SI system is used. | back 4 6000 cGy |
front 5 One millirem equals ________ rem | back 5 1/1000 |
front 6 Fifteen sievert equals _______ rem | back 6 1500 |
front 7 As the intensity of x-ray exposure of the air volume increases, the number of electron-ion pairs produced: | back 7 also increases |
front 8 Which of the following equals 400 rem | back 8 4000 mSv |
front 9 Ten C/kg equals ______ roentgen | back 9 3.9 x 10^4 |
front 10 In the SI system an energy absorption of 1 joule (J) per kilogram of matter in the irradiated object equals which of the following | back 10 1 Gy |
front 11 Thirty-five mSv equals ____ rem | back 11 3.5 |
front 12 Which of the following are types of ionizing radiation that produce virtually the same biologic effect for equal absorbed doses in body tissue? | back 12 X-rays, beta particles, and gamma rays |
front 13 Which of the following statements is correct? | back 13 1 C/kg of dry air = 1 2.58 x 10^4 gray |
front 14 45 rem equals ________ mSv | back 14 450 |
front 15 For x-rays and gamma ray photons with energies up to 3 million electron volts (MeV), which of the following quantities may be defined as the measure of the total electrical charge of one sign, either all pluses or all minuses, per unit mass that these two kinds of radiation generate in air only? | back 15 Exposure |
front 16 Of the following equivalents, which equals 1 rad? 1. 100 erg/g 2. 1/100 J/kg 3. 0.01 Gy | back 16 1, 2, and 3 |
front 17 Alpha particles have a radiation weighting factor (WR) that is numerically equal to: | back 17 20 |
front 18 Which of the following units are NOT SI units? 1. roentgen 2. Coulomb per kilogram, gray and sievert 3. rad and rem | back 18 1 and 3 only |
front 19 Which of the following units is a unit of energy that may be defined as the work done or energy expended when a force of 1 newton (N) acts on an object along a distance of 1 meter (m)? | back 19 joule |
front 20 Which of the following statements is TRUE? | back 20 1 centisievert = 1 rem |
front 21 Which of the following is the SI unit of electrical current? | back 21 ampere |
front 22 Beta particles are actually: | back 22 high-speed electrons |
front 23 Among physicians, cancer deaths attributed to x-ray exposure were reported as early as: | back 23 1910 |
front 24 The effective atomic number (Zeff) of soft tissue is: | back 24 7.4 |
front 25 Who discovered x-rays on Novemeber 8, 1895? | back 25 Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen |
front 26 A nucleotide is formed from a nitrogen-containing base, a _____ -carbon sugar molecule, and a phosphate molecule. | back 26 five |
front 27 The cell components that contain the centrioles are the: | back 27 centrosomes |
front 28 Cytosine bonds only with | back 28 guanine |
front 29 During which of the following subphases of mitosis do the centrioles migrate to opposite sides of the cell and begin to regulate the formation of the mitotic spindle? | back 29 Prophase |
front 30 The number of mitochondria in cells varies from a few hundred to several thousand. The greatest number is found in cells exhibiting ____ acitivity. | back 30 the greatest |
front 31 Antibodies are protein molecules produced by specialized cells in the bone marrow called: | back 31 B lymphocytes |
front 32 The steps or rungs of the DNA ladder-like structure consists of complementary chemicals that are: | back 32 pairs of nitrogenous bases |
front 33 In the human-body, mineral salts are necessary for: 1. proper cell function 2. creation of energy 3. conduction of impulses along nerves | back 33 1,2, and 3 |
front 34 Inorganic materials are compounds that _______ carbon | back 34 do not contain |
front 35 The much smaller structures that make up nucleic acids are called: | back 35 nucleotides |
front 36 Which of the following causes an increase in cellular activity that in turn causes biochemical reactions to occur more rapidly to meet the needs of the cell? | back 36 Enzymes |
front 37 How many different amino acids are involved in protein synthesis? | back 37 22 |
front 38 In general, which of the following can human cells do? 1. Protect themselves 2. Regulate life processes 3. Reproduce | back 38 1, 2, and 3 |
front 39 Which of the following serves as a prototype for messenger RNA (mRNA)? | back 39 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
front 40 Compounds called purines include adenine and: 1. cytosine 2. guanine 3. thymine | back 40 2 only |
front 41 Which of the following groups of cells is most radiosensitive? | back 41 Lymphocytes |
front 42 If bone marrow cells have not been destroyed by exposure to ionizing radiation, they can | back 42 repopulate after a period of recovery |
front 43 Which of the following groups of cells is least radiosensitive? | back 43 adult nerve cells |
front 44 As LET increases, the ability of ionizing radiation to cause biologic effects | back 44 also generally increases until it reaches a maximal value |
front 45 One micron (mm)=_____ m | back 45 10^-6 |
front 46 Which of the following humans is most radiosensitive? | back 46 the embryo-fetus during the first trimester of pregnancy |
front 47 Neutrophils play an important role in | back 47 fighting infection |
front 48 While passing through a human cell, an x-ray photon interacts with and inactivates the cell's master molecule. What is the consequence for the cell? | back 48 Death |
front 49 The radiation dose required to produce mitotic death is | back 49 less than the dose needed to produce apoptosis in slowly dividing cells or nondividing cells. |
front 50 Direct action may occur after exposure to any type of radiation, but it is much more likely to happen after exposure to: | back 50 high-LET radiation such as alpha particles |
front 51 Which of the following is (are) considered low-LET radiation? 1. x-rays 2. Alpha particles 3. Gamma rays | back 51 1 and 3 only |
front 52 Which of the following tissues contains cells that do not divide? 1. epithelial tissue 2. muscle tissue 3. nervous tissue in adult | back 52 2 and 3 only |
front 53 Which of the following statements is true concerning patients who receive radiation exposure from a routine radiographic procedure such as CXR | back 53 patients are not expected to sustain appreciable damage to either the blood or the blood-forming organs as a consequence of the exam. |
front 54 Based on current data, which of the following would be considered a safe radiation dose for the gonads of both males and females | back 54 0 Gy |
front 55 A periodic blood count is not recommended as a method for monitoring occupational radiation exposure becasue | back 55 2 and 3 only |
front 56 A biologic reaction is produced by 4 Gy of a test radiation. It takes 16 Gy of 250 kVp xrays to produce the same biologic reaction. What is the relative biologic effectiveness of the test radiation? | back 56 4 |
front 57 The normal white blood cell count for an adult ranges from _____ to ______/mm^3 of blood. | back 57 5,000-10,000 |
front 58 The term apoptosis is synonymous with | back 58 programmed cell death |
front 59 Radiosensitivity of ova | back 59 varies considerably throughout the lifetime of the germ cell |
front 60 Which of the following is a scavenger-type of white blood cell that fights bacteria? | back 60 Granulocytes |
front 61 Which of the following illustrates the radiation sensitivity of a particular type of cell | back 61 survival cell |
front 62 ______ of the effects of x radiation and gamma in macromolecule of living system (in vivo) occur in a human male? | back 62 Most |
front 63 OH+OH= | back 63 H2O2 |
front 64 Which of the following means the loss or change of a nitrogenous base in the DNA chain? | back 64 mutation |
front 65 As a result of numerous reported patient injuries that have been
associated with the use of _______________, better management of the
use of such procedures is essential. | back 65 high-level fluroscopy |
front 66 The correct order of development of the male germ cell from the stem
cell phase to the mature cell is: | back 66 spermatogonia, spermatocyte, spermatid, sperm |
front 67 Atrophy refers to: | back 67 shrinkage of organs and tissues after a high radiation dose is received |
front 68 _____ syndrome is not a form of acute radiation syndrome. | back 68 Carcinogenic |
front 69 Which of the following are classified as early (acute) deterministic
somatic effects of ionizing radiation? | back 69 nausea, epilation, intestinal disorders |
front 70 Attempts have been made to measure chromosome aberrations after
diagnostic x-ray imaging procedures: | back 70 but successful results have not been achieved in these studies |
front 71 The hematopoietic form of acute radiation syndrome is also called the
_____ syndrome. | back 71 bone marrow |
front 72 Genetic mutations have been produced in experimental female animals
when their ovaries were irradiated with doses as low as _____ Gy
(_____ rad). | back 72 0.25; 25 |
front 73 A single absorbed dose of 2 Gy (200 rad) can cause a
radiation-induced skin erythema within _____ hour(s) after
irradiation. | back 73 24 to 48 |
front 74 A decrease in the number of neutrophils can be caused by a radiation
dose of _____ Gy (_____ rad). | back 74 0.5;50 |
front 75 The prodromal stage of acute radiation syndrome is also referred to
as the: | back 75 initial stage |
front 76 For persons with hematopoietic syndrome, survival time shortens as
the radiation dose: | back 76 increases |
front 77 Grenz rays were once used to treat and cure: | back 77 skin disease, such as ringworms |
front 78 The correct order of development for the female germ cell from the
stem cell phase to the mature cell is: | back 78 primordial follicle, mature follicle, corpus luteum, ovum |
front 79 Research has shown that repeated radiation injuries have a _____
effect. | back 79 cumulative |
front 80 In 1898, after suffering severe burns attributed to radiation
exposure, which Boston dentist began investigating the hazards of
radiation exposure and became the first known advocate of radiation
protection? William Herbert Rollins | back 80 William Herbert Rollins |
front 81 Studies of radiation therapy patients who received orthovoltage
radiation therapy treatments provide _____ evidence of skin damage
caused by radiation exposure. | back 81 significant |
front 82 Which of the following is the reason why the ovaries should be
shielded whenever possible during all imaging procedures? | back 82 Gonadal irradiation of the ovaries can result in genetic mutations that can be passed on to future generations. |
front 83 Revised atomic bomb data for Hiroshima and Nagasaki suggest that
radiation-induced leukemias and solid tumors occurring in the
survivors may be attributed to exposure to which of the following?
| back 83 Gamma radiation |
front 84 The term LD 50/30 signifies the whole-body dose of radiation that can
be lethal to ____% of the exposed population in _____ days. | back 84 50; 30 |
front 85 In the female the oogonia, the ovarian stem cells: | back 85 multiply to millions of cells only during fetal development |
front 86 During the major response stages of acute radiation syndrome after
the initial stage, the period when symptoms that affect the
hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, and cerebrovascular systems become
visible is called: | back 86 manifest illness |
front 87 Moist and dry desquamation can be caused by: | back 87 high radiation doses |
front 88 Some local tissues suffer immediate consequences from high radiation
doses. Examples of such tissues include: 1, 2, and 3 | back 88 1, 2, and 3 |
front 89 A term that is synonymous with epilation is: | back 89 alopecia |
front 90 Radiation-induced abnormalities are caused by unrepaired damage to:
| back 90 DNA within ova or sperm |
front 91 When a prediction is made that the number of excess cancers in a
given population will increase as the natural incidence of cancer
increases in that population with age, the risk is described by which
of the following terms? | back 91 Relative |
front 92 Laboratory experiments with mice prove that cataracts may be induced
with doses of ionizing radiation as low as _____ Gy (_____ rads).
| back 92 0.10; 10 |
front 93 Genetic effects from exposure to ionizing radiation occur as a result
of radiation-induced damage to the DNA molecule in which of the
following? | back 93 1 and 2 only |
front 94 Radiation dose-response curves can be used to predict the risk of
_________ in human populations that have been exposed to low levels of
ionizing radiation. | back 94 malignancy |
front 95 Radium decays with a half-life of: | back 95 1622 years |
front 96 Radiation-induced cataracts in humans follow a __________
dose-response relationship. | back 96 nonlinear, threshold |
front 97 The human body can incorporate radium into bone because it is
chemically similar to: | back 97 calcium |
front 98 Mutations in genes and DNA that occur at random as natural phenomena
are called _____ mutations. | back 98 spontaneous |
front 99 Studies of Japanese atomic bomb survivors demonstrate that the
incidence of leukemia has _________ since the late 1940s and early
1950s and the incidence of solid tumors has continued to __________
since the late 1950s and early 1960s. | back 99 slowly declined, escalate |
front 100 For an accurate estimate of the number of radiation-induced leukemias
and other malignancies that may occur in some of the 135,000 evacuees
from the 1986 nuclear power station accident in Chernobyl, Ukraine,
the exposed population must: | back 100 have long-term monitioring |
front 101 Genetic mutations at the molecular level are called _____ mutations.
| back 101 point |
front 102 The term “linear nonthreshold curve” implies that the biologic
response to ionizing radiation is _____ the dose. | back 102 directly proportional to |
front 103 A radiation dose of 0.05 Gy to 0.15 Gy (5 to 15 rads) delivered to a
human embryo during the preimplantation stage of development results
in which of the following? | back 103 Embryonic death |
front 104 Of the following late somatic effects caused by exposure to ionizing
radiation, which effect is considered to be most important? | back 104 cancer |
front 105 Existing data on radiation-induced genetic effects in humans: | back 105 are still inclonclusive |
front 106 Uranium miners in the Colorado plateau who developed lung cancer
years after exposure provide an example of which of the following?
| back 106 late stochastic somatic effects |
front 107 What do agents such as chemicals, elevated temperatures, ionizing
radiation, and viruses have in common? | back 107 They are all mutagens that may increase the frequency of occurrence of mutations. |
front 108 What is the mean value of the radiation doubling equivalent dose for
humans, as determined from the offspring of the atomic bomb survivors
of Hiroshima and Nagasaki? | back 108 1.56 Sv (156 rem) |
front 109 In which of the following human populations is the risk for causing a
radiation-induced cancer not directly measurable? | back 109 1 only |
front 110 Which of the following groups of people exposed to ionizing radiation
provide proof that low-level radiation exposure produces late effects?
| back 110 None of the above |
front 111 Normally, mutations in genetic material occur spontaneously, without
a known cause. A genetic disorder is present in approximately ____% of
all live births in the United States. | back 111 10 |
front 112 Today, as a result of programs stressing radiation safety education
and protective devices, radiation workers employed in medical imaging:
| back 112 need not experience any adverse health effects as a consequence of their work |
front 113 Studies of postpartum patients treated with ionizing radiation for
relief of mastitis indicate that in this group of individuals,
radiation exposure to healthy breast tissue: | back 113 can cause breast cancer |
front 114 After the 1986 nuclear power station accident in Chernobyl, Ukraine,
an attempt was made to prevent thyroid cancer in children in Poland
and some other countries as a consequence of accidental overdose of
iodine-131, __________ was administered as a substitute for take-up of
iodine-131. | back 114 potassium iodide |
front 115 When the speed of screen-film systems doubles, for example, when
changing from a 200-speed to a 400-speed system, patient radiation
exposure is _____ by approximately _____%. | back 115 reduced; 50 |
front 116 CR imaging has greater _______ flexibility than does conventional
screen-film radiography. | back 116 kilovoltage |
front 117 In standard image intensification fluoroscopy, an x-ray beam
half-value-layer (HVL) of 3- to 4-mm aluminum is considered acceptable
when peak kilovoltage ranges from: | back 117 80 to 100 |
front 118 When settings are changed from one mA to a neighboring mA station,
the most that linearity can vary is _____%. | back 118 10 |
front 119 When performing a mobile fluoroscopic procedure, to reduce the
radiation exposure to the patient, the radiographer must use a minimal
source-skin distance of ____ cm (____ inches). | back 119 30;12 |
front 120 The control panel, where technical exposure factors are selected and
seen on indicators by the equipment operator, must be located: | back 120 behind a suitable protective barrier that has a radiation-absorbent window that permits observation of the patient during any procedure |
front 121 To visualize smaller and lower-contrast objects during interventional
procedures, high-level-control fluoroscopy uses exposure rates that
are _______ those normally used in routine fluoroscopy. | back 121 higher than |
front 122 During a fluoroscopic examination a resettable cumulative timing
device times the x-ray beam-on time and sounds an audible alarm or
temporarily interrupts the exposure after the fluoroscope has been
activated for what length of time? | back 122 5 minutes |
front 123 When using digital fluoroscopy systems, making use of the
last-image-hold feature can: | back 123 be an effective dose reduction technique |
front 124 Sharper size restriction of the radiographic beam is achieved when
the cone or cylinder is: | back 124 longer |
front 125 What is the purpose of radiographic beam filtration? | back 125 To increase beam hardness, thereby reducing patient skin dose and the dose to superficial tissues |
front 126 Depending on the area of the body being examined with a fluoroscopic
image intensification system, for adult patients a range of ______ kVp
is generally used. | back 126 75 to 110 |
front 127 When an exposed computed radiography imaging plate is ready to be
processed, an imaging reading unit is used to scan the photostimulable
phosphor imaging plate with a helium-neon laser beam. This results in
the emission of violet light that is changed into an electronic signal
by a device called a: | back 127 photomultiplier tube |
front 128 Of the following procedures, which involve extended fluoroscopic
time? | back 128 1, 2, and 3 |
front 129 When compared with the traditional material in the front of a
cassette (aluminum or cardboard), the cassette front containing the
carbon fiber absorbs approximately _____ as much radiation, resulting
in a _____ dose for the patient because _____ radiographic techniques
are required to produce the recorded image. | back 129 half;lower;lower |
front 130 Digital radiography images can be accessed: | back 130 at several workstations at the same time, making image viewing very convenient for physicians providing patient care |
front 131 Luminance is determined by measuring the concentration of light:
| back 131 over a particular field of view |
front 132 A radiographer uses a high-speed, rare-earth screen-film system with
optimal technical exposure factors to obtain posteroanterior and
lateral radiographs of a 2-year-old child’s chest. To maximize
reduction of radiation exposure to the patient following adequate
immobilization, the radiographer should collimate the x-ray beam so
that it is _______ shield the child’s reproductive organs. | back 132 smaller than the margins of the image receptor and |
front 133 Current federal standards limit entrance skin exposure rates of
general-purpose intensified fluoroscopic units to a maximum of _____
R/min (_____ ´ 2.58 ´ 10–4 C/kg/min). | back 133 10; 10 |
front 134 Computed radiography, because of its higher exposure latitude, makes
grid use on the pediatric population: | back 134 less necessary than was previously believed |
front 135 Which of the following materials is commonly used in the tabletop of
a radiographic examination table to make the tabletop as radiolucent
as possible so that it will absorb only a minimal amount of radiation,
thereby reducing the patient’s radiation dose? | back 135 carbon fiber material |
front 136 Federal government specifications recommend a minimum total
filtration of _____-mm aluminum equivalent for stationary (fixed)
fluoroscopic x-ray units operating above 70 kVp. | back 136 2.5 |
front 137 Which of the following is not an x-ray beam limitation device? | back 137 filter |
front 138 When a fluoroscopic image is electronically amplified by an image
intensification system, which of the following benefits result?
| back 138 1, 2, and 3 |
front 139 Which of the following types of filters should be used to provide
uniform density when radiographing a foot in the dorsoplantar
projection? | back 139 wedge filter |
front 140 The actual long-term health effects of a “dirty bomb” are likely to
be: | back 140 minimal |
front 141 In ______, a neutron transforms itself into a combination of a proton
and an energetic electron. | back 141 beta |
front 142 Each fluorine-18 nuclear transformation by positron decay yields two
highly penetrating ____-keV photons. | back 142 511 |
front 143 Radioactive material that is attached to or associated with dust
particles or in liquid form on various surfaces defines the term
radioactive: | back 143 contamination |
front 144 If enough explosives are used to spread radioactive material over a
broad area, then radioactivity is ______ higher than background
levels. | back 144 diluted and may not be much |
front 145 Diagnostic techniques in nuclear medicine typically make use of
______ radioisotopes as radioactive tracers. | back 145 short-lived |
front 146 Strontium-89 is a pure __________ emitter. | back 146 beta |
front 147 During a radiation emergency, the dose limit for individuals engaging
in lifesaving activities is _____ mSv (_____ rem) per event. | back 147 250; 25 |
front 148 During a radiation emergency, at a dose rate of _____ Sv/hr (_____
rem/hr), emergency personnel should await specific instructions from
radiation experts on how to proceed. | back 148 0.1; 10 |
front 149 While a patient receiving iodine-131 (I-131) therapy is hospitalized,
a large, ____-inch-thick rolling lead shield can be positioned between
the patient and any attending personnel for protection. | back 149 up to 1 |
front 150 The design of a ______ imaging suite involves significant radiation
safety concerns. | back 150 positron emission tomography/computed tomography |
front 151 Iodine-125 (I-125) in the form of titanium-encapsulated cylindrical
seeds has been used quite extensively within the past decade to give a
tumoricidal radiation equivalent dose to: | back 151 prostate cancers that are confined within the prostate gland |
front 152 Strontium is a member of the same family of elements in the periodic
table as is: | back 152 calcium |
front 153 Therapeutic radioisotopes are characterized by: | back 153 relatively long half-lives |
front 154 Tellurium-125 (Te-125) has _____ protons and _____ neutrons. | back 154 52; 73 |
front 155 What is the traditional unit of equivalent dose and effective dose | back 155 Rem |
front 156 What is the quality factor for x-ray photons | back 156 1 |
front 157 What does the traditional radiation unit, the roentgen measure | back 157 Radiation exposure in the air only |
front 158 Which of the following produces antibodies | back 158 lymphocytes |
front 159 Water constitutes approximately ______ of the weight of the human body? | back 159 80-85% |
front 160 Which action of ionizing radiation is MOST harmful to the human body | back 160 Indirect action |
front 161 Which molecules in the human body are most commonly directly acted on by ionizing radiation to produce molecular damage through an indirect action | back 161 Water |
front 162 Which of the following illustrates the radiation sensitivity of a particular type of cell | back 162 survival curve |
front 163 Which of the following gonadel radiation doses may cause permanent sterility in a human male? | back 163 6.0 Gy |
front 164 The absorbed dose is responsible for biological damage. True or False | back 164 True |