front 1 What does the lymphatic system do? | back 1 Returned fluids that leaked from the vessels back to the blood system |
front 2 What are the three parts that the lymphatic system consists of? | back 2 1. Network of lymphatic vessels 2. Lymph (fluid in the vessels) 3. Lymph organs and tissues (cleanse lymph: Lymph nodes) |
front 3 The lymphatic system provides structural basis of what? | back 3 Immune system to protect against diseases |
front 4 The lymph system houses what kinds of cells? | back 4 phagocytic cells and lymphocytes |
front 5 What structures are included in the lymph system? | back 5 Spleen Thymus Tonsils Lymph nodes Other lymphoid tissues |
front 6 What two ways does the immune system defenses work? | back 6 Specific and nonspecific |
front 7 In this immune system defense, lymphocytes are the main drive, involves identification, attacking, and developing an immunity to a specific pathogen. | back 7 Specific |
front 8 In this immune system defense, it blocks and defends against any pathogen and cannot distinguish one attack from another. | back 8 Nonspecific |
front 9 This is a fluid similar to plasma but it doesn't have the plasma proteins. | back 9 Lymph |
front 10 These carry lymph from peripheral tissues to the venous system. | back 10 Lymphatic vessels |
front 11 What is the function of the lymphatic system regarding lymphocytes? | back 11 To maintain, produce, and distribute |
front 12 Where are lymphocytes produced? | back 12 in lymphoid tissues in lymphoid organs in red bone marrow |
front 13 Why are lymphocytes distributed through out the body? | back 13 to detect problems to travel to the site of an injury or infection |
front 14 This is the blockage of lymph drainage from a limb and causes severe swelling as well as interfering with the immune system function. | back 14 Lymphedema |
front 15 Lymphocytes make up how much of the circulating leukocytes? | back 15 20-30% |
front 16 Are most lymphocytes stored or circulating? | back 16 Stored |
front 17 What are the three types of lymphocytes? | back 17 T cells B cells NK cells |
front 18 Of the circulating lymphocytes, what kind is the most numerous? | back 18 T cells (80%) |
front 19 What are the three main kinds of T cells? | back 19 Cytotoxic T cells Helper T cells Memory T cells |
front 20 This kind of T cell attacks cells infected by viruses and produce cell-mediated immunity. | back 20 Cytotoxic T cells |
front 21 This kind of T cell stimulates the function of T cells and B cells. | back 21 Helper T cell |
front 22 This kind of T cell is formed in response to foreign substances and remain in the body to give immunity. | back 22 Memory T cells |
front 23 What are the two less common types of T cells? | back 23 Inflammatory T cells Suppressor/inducer T cells |
front 24 B cells make up what percentage of circulating leukocytes? | back 24 10-15% |
front 25 B cells differentiate or change into what kind of cells? | back 25 Plasma cells |
front 26 Plasma cells produce and secrete what? | back 26 Antibodies (immunoglobulin proteins) |
front 27 Define antigen. | back 27 Targets that identify any pathogen or foreign compound |
front 28 The binding of a specific antibody to its specific target antigen initiates what? | back 28 antibody-mediated immunity |
front 29 Give another name for Natural Killer (NK) cells. | back 29 Large granular lymphocytes |
front 30 NK cells are responsible for _________ surveillance. | back 30 immunological |
front 31 These cells (lymphocytes) attack foreign cells, virus-infected cells, and cancer cells. | back 31 Natural Killer (NK) Cells |
front 32 Lymphocyte production is also known as what? | back 32 lymphopoiesis |
front 33 In bone marrow, cells called _________ divide into two types of lymphoid stem cells. | back 33 Hemocytoblasts |
front 34 These two types of lymphocytes migrate throughout the body to defend peripheral tissues and retain their ability to divide. | back 34 T and B cells |
front 35 This is a connective tissue dominated by lymphocytes. | back 35 Lymphoid tissue |
front 36 This is an areolar tissue with densely packaged lymphocytes and germinal center that contains dividing lymphocytes. | back 36 Lymphoid nodules |
front 37 Where are lymphoid nodules distributed at? | back 37 Lymph nodes spleen respiratory tract (tonsils) along digestive, urinary and reproductive tracts |
front 38 This is lymphoid tissue associated with the digestive system. | back 38 Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) |
front 39 MALT is made up of what? | back 39 aggregated lymphoid nodules clustered deep into intestinal epithelial lining |
front 40 This organ contains a mass of fused lymphoid nodules. | back 40 Appendix |
front 41 List the 5 tonsils in the wall of the pharynx. | back 41 Left and right palatine tonsils Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoid) Two lingual tonsils |
front 42 The lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, thymus, spleen) are separated from surrounding tissues by what? | back 42 a fibrous connective tissue capsule |
front 43 Give the passage of lymph flow through a lymph node in a network of sinus. | back 43 Subscapular space through outer cortex through deep cortex through the core into hilum and efferent lymphatics |
front 44 The subscapular space contains what two cells? | back 44 Macrophages dendritic cells |
front 45 The outer cortex of a lymph node contains what cells in the germinal centers? | back 45 B cells |
front 46 The deep cortex of a lymph node is dominated by what kind of cell? | back 46 T cells |
front 47 The core or medulla of the lymph node contains what kinds of cells? | back 47 B cells and plasma cells, organized into medullary cords |
front 48 When lymph is filtered, what is removed? | back 48 Debris pathogens 99% of antigens |
front 49 What happens in the first step of immune response when an antigen is presented? | back 49 Extracted antigens are "presented" to lymphocytes or attached to dendritic cells to stimulate lymphocytes |
front 50 What do the lymph nodes of the gut, trachea, lungs, and thoracic duct do? | back 50 Protect against pathogens in the digestive and respiratory systems. |
front 51 Lymph nodes are actually what? | back 51 Glands |
front 52 Why do lymph nodes swell up? | back 52 in response to inflammation |
front 53 What is the term for chronic or excessive enlargement of the lymph nodes? | back 53 Lymphadenopathy |
front 54 What can lymphadenopathy indicate? | back 54 infections, endocrine disorders, or cancer |
front 55 The atrophy of the thymus gland after puberty has what effect on the immune system? | back 55 diminishes the effectiveness |
front 56 Body defenses provide ________ to fight infection, illness, and disease. | back 56 resistance |
front 57 What are the two categories of defense? | back 57 Innate (nonspecific) defenses Adaptive (specific) defenses |
front 58 This kind of defense always works the same way, against any type of invader, and is a nonspecific resistance. | back 58 Innate |
front 59 This kind of defense protects against specific pathogens, depends on activities of the lymphocytes and is a specific resistance. It usually develops after exposure to environmental hazards. | back 59 Adaptive |
front 60 Give examples of innate defense. | back 60 Surface barriers - skin, mucous membranes Internal defenses - phagocytes, NK cells, inflammation, fever, antimicrobial proteins |
front 61 Give examples of adaptive defenses. | back 61 Humoral immunity - B Cells Cellular immunity - T cells |
front 62 What are the seven major categories of innate defense? | back 62 1. Physical barriers 2. Phagocytes 3. Immunological surveillance 4. Interferons 5. Complement 6. Inflammatory response 7. Fever |
front 63 Immunological surveillance constantly monitors normal tissues and is carried out by what cells? | back 63 NK cells |
front 64 What are interferons? | back 64 Chemical messengers that trigger production of antiviral proteins in normal cells |
front 65 Antiviral proteins don't kill viruses but rather do what? | back 65 Block replication in the cell |
front 66 What is the complement system? | back 66 a circulating system of proteins that assists antibodies in destruction of pathogens |
front 67 What is an inflammatory response? | back 67 Localized, tissue-level response that tends to limit spread of injury or infection. |
front 68 A fever does what three things? | back 68 increases body metabolism accelerates defenses inhibits some viruses and bacteria |
front 69 What are the nonspecific physical barriers of defense? | back 69 outer layer of skin hair epithelial layers of internal passageways secretions that flush away materials - sweat glands, mucus, urine secretions that kill/inhibits microorganisms - enzymes, antibodies, stomach acid |
front 70 In what ways do activated macrophages respond to pathogens? | back 70 Engulf pathogen and destroy it with lysosomal enzymes Destroy pathogen by releasing toxic chemicals into interstitial fluid |
front 71 All macrophages have what two things in common? | back 71 Move through capillary walls (emigration) Are attracted or repelled by chemicals in surrounding fluids (chemotaxis) |
front 72 Phagocytosis begins when: | back 72 phagocytes attaches to target and surrounds it with a vesicle |
front 73 Activated NK Cells do what 4 things? | back 73 1. ID and attach to abnormal cells (nonselective) 2. Golgi apparatus in NK cell forms perforin vesicles 3. Vesicles release proteins called perforins 4. Perforins lyse abnormal plasma membrane (Also attack cancer cells and cells infected with viruses) |
front 74 Cancer cells contain what? | back 74 tumor-specific antigens |
front 75 What is the term for when a cancer cell is able to avoid NK cells? | back 75 Immunological escape |
front 76 Cells infected with viruses present __________ ______ on plasma membranes. | back 76 abnormal proteins |
front 77 The abnormal proteins on the infected cells allow the NK cells to do what? | back 77 Identify and destroy them |
front 78 These are proteins (cytokines) released by activated lymphocytes and macrophages. | back 78 Interferons |
front 79 These are chemical messengers released by tissue cells to coordinate local activities and to act as hormones to affect the whole body. | back 79 Cytokines |
front 80 Complements work together in __________. | back 80 Cascades |
front 81 What are the two pathways that activate the complement system? | back 81 1. Classical pathways 2. Alternative pathways |
front 82 How does the classical pathway of complement activation work? | back 82 Classical is the fast way 1.C1 binds to - antibody molecule attached to antigen 2. Bound to protein, acts as enzyme - catalyzes chain reaction |
front 83 How does the alternative pathway of complement activation work? | back 83 Alternative activation is the slow way Exposed to antigen Factor P, B, D Interact in plasma |
front 84 Both the alternative and classical pathways of complement end with what? | back 84 Conversion of inactive complement protein C3 to active form C3b |
front 85 What are the effects of complement activation? | back 85 Pore formation - Destruction of target plasma membranes Enhancement of phagocytosis by opsonization - complements working with antibodies (opsonins) Histamine release - increases the degree of local inflammation and blood flow |
front 86 What triggers inflammation? | back 86 any stimulus that kills cells or injures tissue |
front 87 What are the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation? | back 87 Swelling Redness Heat Pain |
front 88 What are the products of inflammation? | back 88 Necrosis - local tissue destruction in area of injury Pus - mixture of debris and necrotic tissue Abscess - pus accumulated in an enclosed space |
front 89 This is any material that causes the hypothalamus to raise the body temperature. | back 89 Pyrogens |
front 90 This is a special pyrogen that is released by active macrophages. | back 90 Endogenous pyrogens or interleukin-1 (IL-1) |
front 91 In specific defense the T cells do what? | back 91 Provide cell-mediated immunity Defend against abnormal cells and pathogens inside cells |
front 92 In specific defense the B cells do what? | back 92 Provide antibody-mediated immunity Defend against antigens and pathogens in body fluids |
front 93 What are the 4 forms of immunity? | back 93 Innate Adaptive Active Passive |
front 94 This form of immunity is present at birth. | back 94 Innate |
front 95 This form of immunity is acquired after birth. | back 95 Adaptive |
front 96 This form of immunity has antibodies that develop after exposure to antigens. | back 96 Active |
front 97 This form of immunity has antibodies that are transferred from another source. | back 97 Passive |
front 98 This kind of active immunity is acquired through environmental exposure to pathogens. | back 98 Naturally acquired Active immunity |
front 99 This kind of active immunity is acquired through vaccines containing pathogens. | back 99 Artificially induced active immunity |
front 100 This kind of passive immunity contains antibodies acquired from the mother. | back 100 Naturally acquired passive immunity |
front 101 This kind of passive immunity is acquired by an injection of antibodies. | back 101 Artificially induced passive immunity |
front 102 What are the 4 properties of immunity? | back 102 1. Specificity 2. Versatility 3. Memory 4. Tolerance |
front 103 In this property of immunity, each T or B cell responds only to a specific antigen and ignores all others. | back 103 Specificity |
front 104 In this property of immunity, the body produces many types of lymphocytes. Each fights a different type of antigen and active lymphocytes clone themselves to fight specific antigen. | back 104 Versatility |
front 105 In this property of immunity, some active lymphocytes stay in circulation and provide immunity against new exposure. | back 105 Memory |
front 106 In this property of immunity, the immune system ignores "normal" antigens. | back 106 Tolerance |
front 107 There are two main divisions of in the immune response, those of the T cells and those of the B cells. what are they? | back 107 Cell-mediated immunity (T cells) Antibody-mediated immunity (B cells) |
front 108 What are the 4 major types of T cells? | back 108 1. Cytotoxic (T8) cells 2. Memory T cells 3. Helper T cells (T4) 4. Suppressor T cells |
front 109 This kind of T cell attacks cells infected by viruses and is responsible for cell-mediated immunity. | back 109 Cytotoxic T cells |
front 110 This kind of T cell clones themselves in response to "remembered" antigen. | back 110 Memory T cells |
front 111 This kind of T cell stimulates the function of T cells and B cells. | back 111 Helper T cells |
front 112 This kind of T cells inhibit function of T cells and B cells. | back 112 Suppressor T cells |
front 113 T cells only recognize antigens that are bound to ______________ in plasma membranes. | back 113 glycoproteins |
front 114 These are the membrane glycoproteins that bind to antigens and are genetically coded. They differ among individuals. | back 114 MCH Proteins |
front 115 There are two classes of MHC Proteins, Class I and Class II. Which class is found in the membranes of all nucleated cells? | back 115 Class I |
front 116 There are two classes of MHC Proteins, Class I and Class II. Which class is found in the membranes of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and lymphocytes? | back 116 Class II |
front 117 This class of proteins pick up small peptides in cells and carry them to the surface. | back 117 Class I MHC Proteins |
front 118 Class I MHC Proteins: T cells ignore what? | back 118 Normal peptides |
front 119 Abnormal peptides or viral proteins activate ___ _______ to destroy cells. | back 119 T cells |
front 120 In Class II MHC Proteins, antigenic fragments come from what? | back 120 Antigenic processing of pathogens |
front 121 Antigenic fragments bind to what? | back 121 Class II proteins |
front 122 Antigenic fragments are inserted into plasma membranes to stimulate what? | back 122 T cells |
front 123 Antigen-presenting cells are responsible for what? | back 123 Activating T cells against foreign cells and proteins |
front 124 What are the three kinds of phagocytic APC's and where are they found? | back 124 1. Free and fixed - in connective tissue 2. Kupffer Cells - in the liver 3. Microglia - in the CNS |
front 125 What are the two kinds of non-phagocytic APCs and where are they found? | back 125 1. Langerhans - in the skin 2. Dendritic - lymph nodes and spleen |
front 126 What cell does antigen recognition recognizes? | back 126 T cells |
front 127 These are known as cluster of differentiation markers. | back 127 CD markers |
front 128 CD markers are located where? | back 128 In T cell membranes |
front 129 CD3 receptor complexs are found where? | back 129 in all T cells |
front 130 What are two important CD markers? | back 130 1. CD8 - found on cytotoxic T cells and suppressor T cells 2. CD4 - found on helper T cells |
front 131 CD8 and CD4 bind to what receptor complex? | back 131 CD3 |
front 132 For T cell to be activated, it must be costimulated. What does this mean? | back 132 Binding to stimulating cell at second site which confirms the first signal |
front 133 What three steps does a cytotoxic T cell go through? | back 133 1. Release perforin 2. secrete poisonous lymphotoxin 3. Activate genes in target cell |
front 134 This kind of T cell secretes suppression factors, inhibits responses of T and B cells, act after initial immune response, and limit immune reaction to a single stimulus. | back 134 Suppressor T cells |
front 135 What are the 4 functious of Cytokines? | back 135 1. Stimulate T cell divisions 2. Attract and stimulate macrophages 3. Attract and stimulate activity of cytotoxic T cells 4. Promote activation of B cells |
front 136 These cells are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity,and attack antigens by producing specific antibodies. | back 136 B cells |
front 137 During B cell sensitization, the antigens are: | back 137 Taken into the B cell Processed Reappear on surface, bound to class II MHC protein |
front 138 Sensitized B cells are prepared for activation but needs _____ ____ cell activated by the same antigen. | back 138 T cell |
front 139 Activated B cell divides into: | back 139 Plasma cells Memory B cells |
front 140 These cells synthesize and secrete antibodies into interstitial fluid. | back 140 Plasma Cells |
front 141 These cells, like memory T cells, remain in reserve to respond to the next infection. | back 141 Memory B cells |
front 142 An antibody structure is made of two parallel pairs of polypeptide chains. what is the difference between the two chains? | back 142 One is heavy and one is light |
front 143 An antibody structure is made of two parallel pairs of polypeptide chains. what is the similarity between the two chains? | back 143 each chain contains constant segments and variable segments |
front 144 What are the 5 heavy-chain constant segments? | back 144 1. IgG 2. IgE 3. IgD 4. IgM 5. IgA |
front 145 The variable segments of light and heavy chains determine __________ of antibody molecule. | back 145 Specificty |
front 146 A complete antigen has two _________ _________ sites. | back 146 Antigenic determinate sites |
front 147 These must attach to a carrier molecule to act as a complete antigen. | back 147 Hapten |
front 148 What are the dangers of haptens? | back 148 antibodies produced will attack both hapten and carrier molecule if carrier is "normal": antibody attacks normal cells |
front 149 What are the seven functions of antigen-antibody complexes? | back 149 1. neutralization of antigen binding sites 2. precipitation and agglutination 3. activation of complement 4. attraction of phagocytes 5. opsonization increasing phagocyte efficiency 6. stimulation of inflammation 7. prevention of bacterial and viral adhesion |
front 150 Primary and secondary responses to antigen exposure occur in both _____________ and ________ immunity. | back 150 cell-mediated antibody-mediated |
front 151 The first exposure to an antigen produces initial what? | back 151 primary response |
front 152 The second exposure triggers what? | back 152 secondary response that is more extensive and prolonged and the memory cells are already primed |
front 153 What are 4 characteristics of the primary response? | back 153 takes time to develop antigens activated B cells plasma cells differentiate Antibody titer level slowly rises |
front 154 Is the primary or secondary response the peak response? | back 154 Primary |
front 155 How long will the primary response take to develop? | back 155 up to two weeks |
front 156 What is produced faster that IgG but is less effective? | back 156 IgM |
front 157 The secondary response activates what kind of cells? | back 157 Memory B cells |
front 158 What are the effects of memory B cell activation on IgG? | back 158 rises very high and quickly can remain elevated for extend time |
front 159 What are the effects of memory B cell activation on IgM? | back 159 Production is also quicker slightly extended |
front 160 What is the combined response to bacterial infection? | back 160 1. Neutrophils and NK cells begin killing bacteria 2. Cytokines draw phagocytes to area 3. Antigen presentation activates: helper T cells, Cytotoxic T cells 4. B cells activate and differentiate 5. Plasma cells increase antibody levels |
front 161 What is the difference in a viral response vs. a bacterial response? | back 161 Cytotoxic T cells and NK cells are activated by contact with the virus-infected cells |
front 162 Before birth, what antibody passes to the fetus through the placenta? | back 162 IgG |
front 163 A mothers milk provides what kind of antibodies? | back 163 IgA |