front 1 The motor fibers of the renal plexus are branches of the ___ nervous system | back 1 sympathetic |
front 2 In the kidney, the process by which fluid and solutes from the tubular fluid are moved to the blood is called tubular | back 2 reabsorption |
front 3 The kidneys play a major role in the regulation of ____ and ____ | back 3 acid-base balance electrolytes |
front 4 List, in order, the structures through which a drop of urine will flow after it drains from a renal papilla | back 4 minor calyx major calyx renal pelvis ureter |
front 5 The ____ of the kidney is the inner layer, while the ____ is the layer surrounding it | back 5 medulla; cortex |
front 6 The renal pelvis funnels urine into the tube called the | back 6 ureter |
front 7 List the functions of the kidneys | back 7 regulations of electrolyte balance site of calcitriol activation filtering blood to remove the metabolic waste |
front 8 The glomerulus is a bed of capillaries surrounded by a | back 8 glomerular capsule |
front 9 The functional unit of the kidney is called the | back 9 nephron |
front 10 List solutes that are reabsorbed from the nephron loop | back 10 sodium potassium chlorine |
front 11 The renal medulla is comprised of | back 11 renal pyramids and renal columns |
front 12 The process by which water and some solutes in the blood plasma pass from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space is called the glomerular | back 12 filtration |
front 13 List some variables that affect the glomerular filtration rate | back 13 permeability of filtration membrane surface area available for filtration |
front 14 List in order, from the blood side to the capsular space, the structures through which any filtered substance must pass | back 14 fenestrated endothelium of the capillary basement membrane filtration slits |
front 15 Activation of the renin-angiotensin mechanism initiates changes that will result in an _____ in blood pressure | back 15 increase |
front 16 Urine is conveyed out of the body by a tube called the | back 16 urethra |
front 17 The ____ can be described as a muscular sac on the floor of the pelvic cavity, inferior to the peritoneum and posterior to the pubic symhpysis | back 17 bladder |
front 18 Nephrons classified as ____ nephrons have long nephron loops that extend deep into the medulla | back 18 juxtamedullary |
front 19 The _____ _____ carries blood from the glomerulus into the peituibular capillaries | back 19 efferent arteriole |
front 20 Filtration pressure at a glomerulus is determined by the balance of ____ pressure and ____ pressure | back 20 hydrostatic colloid osmotic |
front 21 The process of separating wastes from bodily fluids and elimination them from the body is called | back 21 excretion |
front 22 Name the plasma protein that is converted by renin to angiotensin I | back 22 angiotensinogen |
front 23 Renal clearance is the net effect of | back 23 glomerular filtration of waste amount added by tubular secretion amount removed by tubular reabsorption |
front 24 List the order of arteries carrying blood from the renal artery into the renal cortex | back 24 segmental arteries interlobar arteries arcuate arteries cortical radiate arteries |
front 25 A nephron consists of ______ and ______ | back 25 renal corpuscle and renal tubule |
front 26 Clearing aspirin, penicillin, and other drugs from the blood stream via the kidneys are examples of tubular | back 26 secretion |
front 27 Describe the location of the kidneys | back 27 retroperitoneal at the level of T12 to L3 |
front 28 Small molecules can pass freely through the filtration membrane into the capsular space. Those molecules that have passed through the filtration membrane include | back 28 electrolytes, water, glucose |
front 29 The fluid in the glomerular capsule is formed by filtration at the glomerulus. This fluid is called _____ | back 29 filtrate |
front 30 The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism of GFR regulation relies on the monitoring of tubular fluid by a renal structure called the _____ _____ | back 30 juxtaglomerular apparatus |
front 31 The amount of water reabsorption can be altered, allowing the production of either a concentrated or dilute urine. This is the role of the ____ ____ of the renal tubules | back 31 collecting duct |
front 32 The primary function of the nephron loop is to generate a medullary ECF osmotic gradient that allows the ____ of urine | back 32 concentration |
front 33 Tubular secretion is important for waste removal. Some of the substance that are secreted include | back 33 bile acids, ammonia, urea |
front 34 From deepest to most superficial, list the layers of connective tissue that surround the kidney | back 34 fibrous capsule perirenal fat capsule renal fascia |
front 35 Name the length of tube that includes the proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct | back 35 renal tubule |
front 36 The kidneys regulate blood volume and blood pressure by | back 36 regulating water output |
front 37 A chemical that increases urine volume is called a _____ | back 37 diuretic |
front 38 List some hormones that regulate the amount of water and salts that is reabsorbed by the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct | back 38 aldosterone antidiuretic hormone atrial natriuretic peptide |
front 39 List renal tubular segments that are influenced by aldosterone | back 39 ascending limb of nephron loop collecting duct distal convoluted tubule |
front 40 Name the hormone that makes the collecting duct more permeable to water so water reenters the tissue fluid and blood rather than being lost in the urine | back 40 ADH |
front 41 The blunt tips of the renal pyramids, from which urine is collected into the calyces, are called renal | back 41 papilla |
front 42 Describe the benefit of renal autoregulation | back 42 GFR held steady regardless of changes in mean arterial pressure |
front 43 List the components of a renal corpuscle | back 43 glomerular capsule glomerulus |
front 44 Describe collecting ducts | back 44 carry fluid from multiple nephrons to renal papillae |
front 45 The kidneys produce _____, a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells | back 45 erythropoietin |
front 46 Define transport maximum | back 46 the upper limit of amount of solute that can be reabsorbed |
front 47 The detrusor muscle is thickend near the urethra to from an internal urethral sphincter which compresses the urethra and retains urine in the bladder. This sphincter is composed of _____ muscle | back 47 smooth |
front 48 List some effects of activation of the renin-angiotensin system | back 48 increased water retention increased BP vasoconstriction |
front 49 List two examples of nitrogenous wastes that are excreted by the kidneys | back 49 urea creatinine |
front 50 Plasma angiotensin II levels would be increased when mean arterial blood pressure is | back 50 decreased |
front 51 The micturition center is located in the ____ of the brain stem | back 51 pons |
front 52 The color of urine is due to the presence of a pigment called ____, produced during the breakdown of hemoglobin | back 52 urochrome |
front 53 The longest and most coiled region of the renal tubule arises from the glomerular capsule and is called the | back 53 proximal convoluted tubule |
front 54 List the three segments of the male urethra | back 54 prostatic urethra membranous urethra spongy urethra |
front 55 When considering all of the pressures present within the renal corpuscle, the net filtration pressure causes the movement of fluid ____ the glomerular capillaries | back 55 out of |
front 56 Water moves through specialized water channels called | back 56 aquaporins |
front 57 The ___ segment of the nephron loop participates in active transport of salts | back 57 thick |
front 58 Within the renal corpuscle, colloid osmotic pressure (COP) is an ____ pressure | back 58 inward |
front 59 Name the effect of atrial natriuertic peptide | back 59 decreased sodium reabsorption |
front 60 Name the symptoms of diabetes mellitus that are directly related to the high level of glucose in the renal tubules | back 60 polyuria dehydration glycosuria |
front 61 Within the renal corpuscle, blood hydrostatic pressure is the pressure forcing fluid into the glomerular capsular | back 61 space |
front 62 The ____ ____ consists of a descending limb and an ascending limb | back 62 nephron loop |
front 63 The _____ nervous system causes vasconstriction of the afferent arterioles, reducing glomerular blood flow and GFR | back 63 sympathetic |
front 64 Leaky junctions between epithelial cells in the proximal convoluted tubule that allow water to move are called | back 64 tight junctions |
front 65 Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction of | back 65 efferent arterioles and those throughout the body |
front 66 Angiotensin II stimulates the posterior pituitary to secrete ____ hormone | back 66 ADH |
front 67 A urine output of less than 500 ml/day is called ___ and can be due to kidney disease, dehydration, shock, and other cauess | back 67 oliguria |
front 68 The pH of urine is usually mildly | back 68 acidic |
front 69 The muscularis of the bladder is composed of three layers of smooth muscle called the ____ muscle | back 69 detrusor |
front 70 Describe a renal calyx | back 70 cuplike or funnellike structure that collects urine |
front 71 The most abundant cation in the glomerular filtrate is | back 71 sodium |
front 72 Fluid and solutes reabsorbed at the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) are picked up by what capillary bed? | back 72 peritubular capillaries |
front 73 The region of the nephron that is adapted for reabsorption as seen in its length and prominent microvilli is the | back 73 proximal convoluted tubule |
front 74 The capillaries forming a glomerulus have pores that allow filtration. Due to the presence of these pores, this type of capillary is classified as a ____ capillary | back 74 fenestrated |
front 75 Contraction of aretiolar smooth muscle whn it is stretched allows adjustment of afferent arteriolar diameter with changes in blood pressure. This is the basis for the ____ mechanism of renal autoregulation | back 75 myogenic |
front 76 Filling the bladder stimulates stretch receptors that, in turn, trigger a reflex that relaxes the internal urethra sphincter. This reflex is ____ | back 76 parasympathetic |
front 77 Glucose is cotransported with sodium by the sodium-glucose transporter and then removed from the basolaterial surface of thcell and into the blood by a process called | back 77 facilitated diffusion |
front 78 The kidneys are about the size of a | back 78 bar of soap |
front 79 The salts in the medullary ECF that contribute to its high osmolarity were transported into the ECF from the _____ limb of the nephron loops | back 79 ascending |
front 80 As an enzyme, _____ functions to convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I | back 80 renin |
front 81 The hormone ____ causes increased reabsorption of sodium (and the water that follows) and secretion of potassium from the larger segments of the renal tubule | back 81 aldosterone |
front 82 The collecting duct receives fluid from the | back 82 distal convoluted tube |
front 83 Increased GFR results in ____ urine volume and ____ blood volume | back 83 increased; decreased |
front 84 If glomerular filtration rate is too ___, fluid flows through the renal tubules too rapidly. Urine output will increase and electrolyte depletion may occur. | back 84 high |
front 85 Describe the importance of the medullary ECF osmolarity gradient | back 85 allows production of very concentrated urine |
front 86 Hyperglycemia in diabetes results in glucose in the urine, a condition called _____ | back 86 glycosuria |
front 87 Parathyroid hormone acts on the proximal convoluted tubule to inhibit ____ reabsorption and on the distal convoluted tubule to increase ____ reabsorption | back 87 phosphate; calcium |