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BOI 201 Chapter 9

front 1

What does A represent?

The tissue that binds muscles into functional groups.
Connective tissue covering the exterior of a muscle organ.

back 1

Epimysium

front 2

What does B represent?

Within the muscle.
Connective tissue sheath surrounding individual muscle fibers.

back 2

Endomysium

front 3

What does C represent?

Individual muscle fiber.
Skeletal and smooth muscle cells (but not cardiac muscle cells) are elongated and called___.

back 3

Muscle Fiber

front 4

What does D represent?

Bundles.
Bundles of muscle cells surrounded by a perimysium

back 4

Fascicle

front 5

What does E represent?

Around the fascicles.
Connective tissue surrounding muscle fiber bundles.

back 5

Perimysium

front 6

What does A represent?

A sarcomere is defined as the segment between two neighboring Z-lines. In electron micrographs of cross-striated muscle, the ___.

back 6

Z disc

front 7

What does B represent?

Within the A-band is a polar region called the ___.

back 7

H zone

front 8

What does C represent?

Surrounding the Z-line is the region of the ___.

back 8

I band

front 9

What does D represent?

Following the I-band is the ___.

back 9

A band

front 10

What does E represent?

Inside the H-zone is a thin ___.

back 10

M line

front 11

Depends on oxygen delivery and aerobic mechanisms.

back 11

Slow (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers

front 12

Have very fast-acting myosin ATPases and depend upon anaerobic metabolism during contraction.

back 12

Fast (oxidative or glycolytic), fatigable fibers

front 13

Red fibers, the smallest of the fiber types.

back 13

Slow (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers

front 14

Contain abundant amounts of glycogen.

back 14

Fast (oxidative or glycolytic), fatigable fibers

front 15

Abundant in muscles used to maintain posture.

back 15

Slow (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers

front 16

A relatively high percentage are found in successful marathon runners.

back 16

Slow (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers

front 17

The strongest stimulus that produces increased contractile force.

back 17

Maximal stimulus

front 18

The stimulus above which no stronger contraction can be elicited, because all motor units are firing in the muscle.

back 18

Maximal stimulus

front 19

All skeletal muscle is maintained in a constant, slightly contracted state, spinal reflexes activate groups of motor units alternately

back 19

Muscle Tone

front 20

Determined by alternating motor units of a muscle organ even when the muscle is at rest.

back 20

Muscle Tone

front 21

A state of continuous muscular contraction, especially when induced artificially by rapidly repeated stimuli.

back 21

Tetanus

front 22

Continued sustained smooth contraction due to rapid stimulation.

back 22

Tetanus

front 23

The situation in which contractions become stronger due to stimulation before complete relaxation occurs.

back 23

Wave summation

front 24

Temporal aka _____________, occurs because the second contraction occurs before the muscle has completely relaxed.

back 24

Wave summation

front 25

How a smooth increase in muscle force is produced.

back 25

Multiple motor unit summation

front 26

The force of contraction is controlled more precisely by recruitment also called __________________.

back 26

Multiple motor unit summation

front 27

A sacromere is the distance between two ___.

back 27

Z disc

front 28

The ___ contains only the actin filaments.

back 28

I band

front 29

The thicker filaments are the ___ filaments.

back 29

Myosin

front 30

Both actin and myosin are found in the ___.

back 30

A band

front 31

The myosin filaments are located in the ___.

back 31

A band

front 32

Serves as the actual "trigger" for muscle contraction by removing the inhibition of the troponin molecules.

back 32

Calcium ions

front 33

A neurotransmitter released at motor end plates by the axon terminals.

back 33

Acetylcholine

front 34

Diffusion across the cell membrane results in depolarization.

back 34

Sodium Ions

front 35

Activate synaptic vesicles in axon terminals.

back 35

Calcium ions

front 36

Used to convert ADP to ATP by trnsfer of high-energy phosphate group. A reserve high-energy compound.

back 36

Creatine phosphate

front 37

Destroys ACh.

back 37

Acetylcholinesterase

front 38

An enzyme located in the synaptic cleft.

back 38

Acetylcholinesterase

front 39

Once a motor neuron has fired, all the muscle fibers in a muscle contract.
True / False

back 39

False

front 40

The thin filaments (actin) contain a polypeptide subunit G actin that bears active sites for myosin attachment.
True / False

back 40

True

front 41

The thin filaments (actin) contain a polypeptide sub-unit G actin that bears active sites for myosin attachment.
True / False

back 41

True

front 42

The force of muscle contraction is controlled by multiple motor unit summation or recruitment.
True / False

back 42

True

front 43

Eccentric contractions are more forceful than concentric contractions.
True / False

back 43

True

front 44

A motor neuron and all the muscle cells that it stimulates are referred to as a motor end plate.
True / False

back 44

False

front 45

Peristalsis is characteristic of smooth muscle.
True / False

back 45

True

front 46

A contraction in which the muscle does not shorten but its tension increases is called isometric.
True / False

back 46

True

front 47

During isotonic contraction, the heavier the load, the faster the velocity of contraction.
True / False

back 47

False

front 48

During isometric contraction, the energy used appears as movement.
True / False

back 48

False

front 49

One of the important functions of skeletal muscle contraction is a production of heat.
True / False

back 49

True

front 50

An increase in the calcium ion level in the sarcoplasm starts the sliding of the thin filaments. When the level of calcium ions declines, sliding stops.
True / False

back 50

True

front 51

Muscle contraction will always promote movement of body parts regardless of how they are attached.
True / False

back 51

False

front 52

Although there are "no" sacromeres, smooth muscle still possesses thick and thin filaments.
True / False

back 52

True

front 53

Muscle tone is the small amount of tautness or tension in the muscle due to weak, involuntary contractions of its motor units.
True / False

back 53

True

front 54

Cells of unitary (single-unit) smooth muscle are found in the longitudnal and circular muscle layers of the intestine.
True / False

back 54

True

front 55

A resting potential is caused by a difference in the concentration of certain ions inside and outside the cell.
True / False

back 55

True

front 56

The effect of a neurotransmitter on the muscle cell membrane is to modify its ion permeability properties temporarily.
True / False

back 56

True

front 57

When a muscle fiber contracts, the I bands diminish in size, the H zones disappear, and the A bands move closer together but do not diminish in length.
True / False

back 57

True

front 58

Contractures are a result of a total "lack" of ATP.
True / False

back 58

True

front 59

Smooth muscles relax when intercellular Ca2+ (calcium ion) levels drop but may not cease contractions.
True / False

back 59

True

front 60

Which muscle cells have the greatest ability to regenerate?

back 60

smooth

front 61

Most skeletal muscle contain ___.

back 61

a mixture of fiber types

front 62

Fatigued muscle cells that recover rapidly are the products of ___.

back 62

intense exercise of short duration

front 63

The strongest muscle contractions are normally achieved by ___.

back 63

increasing the stimulation up to the maximal stimulus

front 64

Myoglobin ___.

back 64

stores oxygen in muscle cells

front 65

What structure in skeletal muscle cells functions in calcium storage?

back 65

sacroplasmic reticulum

front 66

Immediately following the arival of the stimulus at a skeletal muscle cell there is a short period called the ___ period during which the events of excitation-contraction coupling occur.

back 66

latent

front 67

Marathons

back 67

Aerobic Pathway

front 68

25 Meter Swim

back 68

Anaerobic Pathway

front 69

Weight Lifting

back 69

Direct Phosphorylation

front 70

A smooth, sustained contraction from rapid stimulation is called ____.

back 70

Tetanus

front 71

Only ____ muscle cells commonly branch.

back 71

Cardiac

front 72

Only ______ muscle cells are always multinucleated.

back 72

Skeletal

front 73

The end of the muscle that typically moves when a muscle contracts is called the _____.

back 73

Insertion

front 74

In the synaptic cleft of a neuromuscular junction, and enzyme called _____ is always present.

back 74

Acetylcholinesterase

front 75

The time in which cross bridges are active is called the period of ____.

back 75

Contraction