front 1 Hormones | back 1 Chemical signals produced in small amounts |
front 2 List the characteristics that apply to the endocrine system when compared to the nervous system | back 2 1. amplitude-modulated signals 2. usually slower response 3. effects usually more generally distributed |
front 3 Name the intercellular chemical signal that is released by cells and has a local effect on the same cell type as that from which the chemical signal is released | back 3 autocrine chemical signal |
front 4 Chemical signals that are secreted into the environment and modify the behavior and physiology of other individuals are called | back 4 pheromones |
front 5 Norepinephrine and acetylcholine are examples of what types of intercellular chemical signals? | back 5 neurotransmitters |
front 6 Neurohormones are intercellular chemical signals that are | back 6 produced by neurons and act like hormones |
front 7 ___________ are released by cells and affect other cell types locally without being transported in blood. | back 7 paracrine chemical signals |
front 8 The lipid hormones are either ___________ or derivatives of fatty acids. | back 8 steroids |
front 9 Hormones | back 9
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front 10 Hormones can be any type of molecule except | back 10 glycolipids |
front 11 Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, and glucocorticoids are examples of | back 11 steroids |
front 12 Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and thyroid hormones are examples of | back 12 amino acid derivatives |
front 13 Increased blood glucose causes increased insulin secretion from the pancreas. This is an example of | back 13 nonhormonal regulation of hormone secretion |
front 14 Water-soluble hormones | back 14 1. have a long half-life 2. bind to intracellular receptors |
front 15 Hormones with a short half-life regulate activities that have a __________ onset with a __________duration. | back 15 rapid short |
front 16 Arrange in order the correct after parasympathetic neurons are stimulated | back 16
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front 17 TRH stimulates the secretion of TSH, which stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormones. Thyroid hormones inhibit TRH and TSH secretion. This is an example of | back 17 hormonal regulation of hormone secretion |
front 18 The monthly change in secretion of reproductive hormones that occurs in women during their reproductive years is an example of | back 18 cyclic hormone regulation |
front 19 Give an example of positive-feedback regulation in the endocrine system | back 19 before ovulation, and increase in LH causes an increase in estrogen, which causes and increase in LH |
front 20 Hormones act at specific target organs because these organs contain ______ specific for the hormones | back 20 receptors |
front 21 Growth hormone, secreted by the _____________ gland, stimulates growth of bones and muscle | back 21 anterior pituitary |
front 22 ______________ (hormone) from the anterior pituitary stimulates secretion of cortisol from the _________________(gland). The anterior pituitary consists of ____________ tissue | back 22 ACTH Adrenal Cortex Glandular |
front 23 The parafollicular cells of the ____________ gland produce _________, a peptide hormone that lowers plasma calcium levels. | back 23 thyroid calcitonin |
front 24 Hormones secreted by the pancreatic islets of the pancreas include _________ from the a cells and __________ from the B cells. Which of these hormones raise blood glucose levels? | back 24 glucagon insulin glucagon |
front 25 _________________ (hormone) is a stimulus for sperm production in the male and maturation of ovarian follicles in the female. | back 25 FSH - Follicle-Stimulating Hormone |
front 26 _____________ secreted by the pineal gland, helps regulate body activities with the light-dark cycle | back 26 Melatonin |
front 27 The outermost layer of the adrenal cortex primarily produces the hormone _________ which acts on the ________(organ) to increase ________(electrolyte) reabsorption | back 27 aldosterone kidney sodium |
front 28 The ________________ (gland) is a modified sympathetic ganglion producing the amine hormones known as ______________. This category of amine hormones includes both ________ and ____________(two hormones) | back 28 Adrenal Medula Catecholamines norepinephrine epinephrine |
front 29 Examples of peptides (proteins) | back 29 insulin glucagon growth hormone GH vasopressin (ADH) |
front 30 Examples of Amides | back 30 T4 (thyroxin) T3 (triiodothyronine) norepinephrine epinephrine |
front 31 Examples of steroids | back 31 estrogen aldosterone cortisol testosterone |
front 32 Thyroid hormones include two molecules called _______ and _____ | back 32 T3 T4 |
front 33 T3 consists of two ______ molecules plus _____ iodine molecules | back 33 tyrosine 3 |
front 34 The anterior pituitary is composed of ____________ tissue | back 34 epithelial / glandular |
front 35 Name the six classic hormones whose functions are well-known | back 35
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front 36 TSH controls | back 36 everything - HR, BP, menstruation, RR, stimulates the release of T3 and T4 - glycoprotein |
front 37 FSH | back 37 Stimulates follicule maturation and production of estrogen, stimulates sperm production, stimulates mild production, stimulates ovaries - glycoprotein |
front 38 LH | back 38 Triggers ovulation and production of estrogen and progesterone by the ovary; promotes sperm production, promotes milk secretions - glycoprotein |
front 39 ACTH | back 39 Promotes release of glucocorticoids and androgens from adrenal cortex, stimulates the stress hormone producing corticol - flight or flight - peptide |
front 40 GH | back 40 Stimulates body growth - protein |
front 41 PRL | back 41 Promotes lactation - protein |
front 42 Define endocrinology | back 42 The scientific study of hormones and the endocrine organs |
front 43 Hormones are chemical messengers that are released to the __________ and _________effects after a period of a few seconds to several days | back 43 blood elicit target cell |
front 44 Hormone targets include most cells of the body and regulate the following | back 44 reproduction growth and development electrolyte water nutrient balance cellular metabolism energy balance mobilization of body defenses |
front 45 Endocrine glands | back 45 have no ducts and release hormones through diffusion |
front 46 Endocrine glands include | back 46 the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands |
front 47 Name the organs that contain endocrine tissue | back 47 pancreas gonads placenta adipose tissue thymus intestine stomach kidneys heart |
front 48 Autocrines | back 48 are local chemical messengers that act on the same cells that secrete them |
front 49 paracrines | back 49 are local chemical messengers that act on neighboring cells, rather than the cells releasing them |
front 50 Most hormones are _________________ but gonadal and adrenocortical hormones are ______________ derived from ___________ | back 50 amino acid based steroids cholesterol |
front 51 Eicosanoids | back 51 leukotrienes and prostaglandis that derive from arachidonic acid |
front 52 Target cells | back 52 Cells that have receptors for a given hormone |
front 53 Water-soluble hormones (all amino acid-based hormones except thyroid hormone) exert their effects how | back 53 through an intracellular second messenger that is activated when a hormone binds to a membrane receptor |
front 54 Lipid-soluble hormones (steroids and thyroid hormone) diffuse how | back 54 into the cell, where they bind to intracellular receptors, migrate to the nucleus, and activate specific genes. |
front 55 Second-messenger system | back 55 is signaled by most amino acid-based hormones, cause the generation of an intracellular second messenger when a hormone binds to a membrane receptor |
front 56 Cyclic AMP signaling mechanism or the PIP2-calcium signaling mechanism involves what | back 56 the G protein-mediated activation of enzymes that results in the activation of protein kinases |
front 57 Direct gene activation occurs how? | back 57 when a lipid-soluble hormone or thyroid hormone binds to an intracellular receptor, which activates a specific region of DNA, causing the production of mRNA and initiation of protein synthesis. |
front 58 Target cells have specific _______________ or __________ receptors to which hormones can bind. | back 58 membrane intracellular |
front 59 Name the three factors that target cell response depends on? | back 59
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front 60 Target cells can change their sensitivity to a hormone by changing what? | back 60 The number of receptors |
front 61 Persistently low levels of hormone can cause ? | back 61 a cell to up-regulate, increasing the number of receptors |
front 62 Persistently high levels of hormones can cause ? | back 62 a cell to down-regulate, decreasing the number of hormone receptors |
front 63 Most hormone synthesis and release is regulated through ___________________ | back 63 negative feedback mechanisms |
front 64 Endocrine gland stimuli may be ___________, _____________, or ____________ | back 64 humoral neural hormonal |
front 65 Humoral stimuli | back 65 Critical ions or nutrients that act as stimuli controlling the secretion of hormones |
front 66 ________________ stimulate hormone release, then the stimulus for release is _________ | back 66 Nerve fibers neural |
front 67 If the secretion of a hormone is in response to hormones produced by other endocrine glands, it follows a | back 67 hormonal pattern of secretion |
front 68 Nervous System modulation allows ________________________ | back 68 hormone secretion to be modified by hormonal, humoral, and neural stimuli in response to changing body needs. |
front 69 The concentration of a hormone reflects | back 69 its rate of release and the rate of inactivation and removal from the body |
front 70 The half-life of a hormone: | back 70 the duration of time a hormone remains in the blood and is shortest for water-soluble hormones. |
front 71 Permissiveness occurs when one hormone cannot exert its full effect without | back 71 another hormone being present |
front 72 Synergism | back 72 occurs when more than one hormone produces the same effects in a target cell, and their combined effects are amplified |
front 73 Antagonism | back 73 occurs when one hormone opposes the action of another hormone. |
front 74 The pituitary gland is stimulated in the _______________ of the skull and is connected to the _______________ via the infundibulum | back 74 sella turcica brain |
front 75 The pituitary has two lobes....name and describe each | back 75 The posterior pituitary - or neurohypophysis - is neural in origin The anterior pituitary - or andenohypophysis - which is glandular in orgin |
front 76 The posterior pituitary produces two neurohormones: | back 76 oxytocin - which promotes uterine contraction and milk ejection antidiuretic hormone ADH - which prevents wide swings in water balance |
front 77 The anterior pituitary hormone produces six hormones, four of which are ______ hormones that ___________secretion of other hormones as well as a ____________ | back 77 tropic regulate prohormone |
front 78 Name the six hormones produced by the pituitary | back 78 POMC TSH GH ACTH FSH LH |
front 79 PRo-opiomelanocortin (POMC) | back 79 a prohormone that can be split into adrenocorticotropic hormone, two natural opiates, and melanocyte-stimulating hormone. |
front 80 Growth Hormone - GH | back 80 acts on target cells in the liver, skeletal muscle, bone, and other tissues to cause the production of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) |
front 81 Hypothalamus | back 81 Regulates hunger, thirst, sleep and wakefulness plus most of your involuntary mechanism including body temperature |
front 82 Pituitary gland | back 82 controls all other endocrine glands: influences growth metabolism and regeneration Posterior - storehouse for oxytocin and ADH Anterior - everything else Sends hormones to the thyroid (TSH) high amounts = inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH) low amounts = diabetes insipidus |
front 83 Parathyroid | back 83 secrete parathyroid hormone or parathormone, which causes osteoclasts to bread down bone, increases absorption of Ca++ in the kidneys and activates vitamin D which aids in the absorption of calcium from food. Secretes the hormones necessary for calcium absorption |
front 84 Thyroid Glands | back 84 Regulates your energy and your metabolism, negative-feedback, keeps balance, positive feedback, HR, BP...... iodine uptake Stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones low amounts = Cretinism in children and myxedema in adults high amounts = hyperthyroidism - similar to Graves disease |
front 85 Pancreas | back 85 Aids in the digestion of protein, fats and carbohydrates. Produces insulin which controls blood sugar levels (glucose levels) |
front 86 Ovaries/testes - gonads | back 86 Influences how your body circulates and determines your mental vigor and your sex drive Estrogen and progesterone in females Gives serotonin - calming hormone Promotes testosterone production in males |
front 87 Thymus | back 87 Helps build resistance to disease |
front 88 Adrenal Cortex | back 88 promotes release of glucocorticoids and androgens - mineralocorticoids to a lesser extent High amounts = Cushing's disease |
front 89 low amounts of prolactin PRL = | back 89 poor milk production in nursing women |
front 90 low amounts of FSH = | back 90 failure of sexual maturation |
front 91 low amounts of GH = | back 91 dwarfism in children |
front 92 low amounts of ADH | back 92 diabetes insipidus |
front 93 high amounts of GH = | back 93 Gigantism in children Acromegaly in adults |
front 94 The only major secretory product of the pineal gland is | back 94 melatonin |
front 95 The pancreas is a mixed gland that contains both | back 95 endocrine and exocrine gland cells |
front 96 Glucagon | back 96 targets the liver where it promotes glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis and release of glucose to the blood. |
front 97 About 80 % of the hormone stored in the adrenal medulla is | back 97 epinephrine and 20 % norepinephrine |
front 98 Adrenal catecholamines produce | back 98 brief stress-mediated responses |
front 99 Insulin | back 99 lowers blood glucose levels by enhancing membrane transport of glucose into body cells and inhibits production through glycogen breakdown or conversion of amino acids or fats to glucose |
front 100 Adipose tissue produces | back 100 Leptin - acts on the CNS to produce a feeling of satiety resistin - an insulin antagonist adiponectin - increases sensitivity to insulin |
front 101 The GI tract contains | back 101 enteroendocrine cells throughout the mucosa that secrete hormones to regulate digestive functions. |
front 102 The atria of the heart contains | back 102 specialized cells that secrete atrial natriuretic peptide, resulting in decreased blood volume, blood pressure, and blood sodium concentration |
front 103 The kidneys produce | back 103 erythropoietin, which signals the bone marrow to produce red blood cells |
front 104 The skin produces | back 104 Cholecalciferol and inactive form of V D3 |
front 105 Osteoblasts in skeletal tissue secrete | back 105 osteocalcin, a hormone that promotes increased insulin secretion by the pancreas and restricts fat storage by adipocytes. |
front 106 The thymus produces | back 106 thymopoietin, thymic factor, and thymosin, which are essential for the development of T lymphocytes and the immune response. |
front 107 Catecholamines are produced in the _______________ of the adrenal gland and are classified as _____________ hormones | back 107 adrenal medulla amine |