front 1 lysosome | back 1 spherical, membraneous organelles which contain activated digestive enzymes. If these enzymes are released into the cytoplasm, they cause the cell to self-digest |
front 2 G1 | back 2 first subphase of interphase characterized by vigorous growth and metabolism |
front 3 Telophase | back 3 Final phase of mitosis. |
front 4 Cell Theory | back 4 1) A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. 2) Activity of an organism depends on both the individual and collective activities of its cells. 3) Biochemical activities of cells are dictated by their shapes and forms. 4) Continuity of life from one generation to another has a cellular basis. |
front 5 Cytoplasm | back 5 intracellular fluid containing organelles |
front 6 Metaphase | back 6 Second phase of mitosis or meiosis in which the duplicated chromosomes line up along the equatorial plate of the spindle. |
front 7 Anaphase | back 7 the third stage in mitosis or meiosis following metaphase in which the daughter chromosomes move away from each other to opposite ends of the cell. |
front 8 Prophase | back 8 first stage of mitosis or meiosis in eukaryotic cell division, during which the nuclear envelope breaks down and strands of chromatin form into chromosome |
front 9 In RNA transcription, what replaces thymine in DNA, to make it slightly different? | back 9 Uracil |
front 10 Passive forms of diffusion | back 10 Osmosis and simple diffusion |
front 11 carrier assisted diffusion | back 11 a type of facilitated diffusion that involves the binding of a substrate to a carrier causing a change in the carrier. Carriers can change shape and assist big molecules through the cell wall. |
front 12 mitochondria | back 12 principle site of ATP synthesis aka the "powerhouse of the cell"; contain DNA, RNA and ribosomes |
front 13 ribosomes | back 13 site of protein synthesis |
front 14 Golgi Apparatus | back 14 Cell organelle that acts as a packaging warehouse for protein. |
front 15 desmosome | back 15 A membrane junction that acts as a spot weld anchoring cells together. |
front 16 types of proteins found in a plasma membrane | back 16 1) Integral, 2) Peripheral |
front 17 types of junctions found in plasma membrane | back 17 1) gap junctions 2) desmosomes 3) tight junctions |
front 18 aquaporin | back 18 Transmembrane proteins that form specific channels, or PORES, in a cell membrane that allow only water to move freely in single file diffusion through the wall. |
front 19 Forms of Passive Transport | back 19 1) Osmosis 2) Simple Diffusion 3) Carrier facilitated transport 4) Channel mediated transport |
front 20 Diffusion | back 20 Tendency of molecules or ions to move from an area where they are in higher concentration to an area where they are in lower concentration. |
front 21 Active Cell Process | back 21 Cell requires ATP (metabolic energy) to move substances across the cell membrane |
front 22 osmotic pressure | back 22 The tendency of water to move into the cell by osmosis. |
front 23 hydrostatic pressure | back 23 Back pressure exerted by water against the membrane. |
front 24 hypotonic solution | back 24 contain a lower concentration of nonpenetrating solutes |
front 25 cell | back 25 structural unit of all living things |
front 26 gap junction | back 26 a communicating junction between adjacent cells; present in electrically excitable tissues such as the heart and smooth muscle |
front 27 cadherins | back 27 thin linker protein filaments that extend from plaques and fit together like teeth of a zipper in the intercellular space |
front 28 tight junction | back 28 type of membrane junction that is a series of integral protein molecules in the plasma membranes of adjacent cells fuse together, forming an impermeable junction that encircles the cell |
front 29 membrane protein functions | back 29 1) Transport 2) Receptors for signal transduction 3) Attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix 4) Enzymatic Activity 5) Intercellular joining 6) Cell-cell communication |
front 30 glycocalyx | back 30 fuzzy, sticky carb rich area at cell surface; sugar covered proteins |
front 31 lipid rafts | back 31 20% of cell membrane surface; concentrating platforms for certain receptor molecules; dynamic assemblies of saturated phospholipids associated with unique lipids sphingolipids and lots of cholesterol. |
front 32 peripheral proteins | back 32 cell membrane proteins that are NOT embedded in the lipid bilayer; include a network of filaments |
front 33 integral proteins | back 33 cell membrane proteins that are firmly inserted into the lipid bilayer; most are transmembrane |
front 34 plasma membrane/cell membrane proteins | back 34 make up the cytoskeleton and 50% of the cell membrane mass |
front 35 cholesterol | back 35 20% of cell membrane lipids; has polar head and nonpolar tail; stabilizes the membrane |
front 36 glycolipids | back 36 lipids with attached sugar groups that comprise 5% of the plasma membrane |
front 37 hydrophilic | back 37 likes water |
front 38 phospholipids | back 38 lollipop shaped molecule with a polar head that is charged and hydrophilic; has a non polar tail made of 2 fatty acid chains that are hydrophobic |
front 39 membrane lipids | back 39 form fabric of the plasma membrane |
front 40 membrane lipids | back 40 1) phospholipids, 2) glycolipids, 3) cholesterol, 4) lipid rafts |
front 41 hydrophobic | back 41 doesn't like water |
front 42 organelles | back 42 small cell structures that perform specific cell functions |
front 43 mitosis | back 43 cell division |
front 44 Cell functions that involve protein coated vesicles | back 44 endocytosis and transcytoisis |
front 45 centrioles | back 45 a small, cylindrical cell organelle, seen near the nucleus in the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells, that divides in perpendicular fashion during mitosis, the new pair of centrioles moving ahead of the spindle to opposite poles of the cell as the cell divide |
front 46 peroxisome | back 46 a cell organelle containing catalase, peroxidase, and other oxidative enzymes and performing essential metabolic functions, as the decomposition of fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide |
front 47 types of vesicular transport | back 47 exocytosis, endocytosis, transcytosis, and substance trafficking |
front 48 simple diffusion | back 48 Gases and Fats do this within a cell; when non-polar lipid soluble substances disperse directly through the phospholipid layer, requiring NO ATP (cell energy) |
front 49 passive cell processes | back 49 simple diffusion, carrier mediated facilitated diffusion, channel mediated facilitated diffusion, osmosis |
front 50 cytoskeleton | back 50 comprised of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments |
front 51 Rough E.R. | back 51 outside is studded with ribosomes; area of protein synthesis within the cell |
front 52 nucleus | back 52 control center of the cell |
front 53 channel mediated diffusion | back 53 Facilitated diffusion that involves channels that do not change shape. Good for water. |
front 54 types of channel mediated diffusion | back 54 leaky and gated |
front 55 tonicity | back 55 the ability of a solution to make a cell shrink or swell |
front 56 isotonic | back 56 when a solution has the same solute concentration as that of the cytosol |
front 57 Secondary Active Transport | back 57 a hitchhiking type of cellular transport that depends on an ion gradient created by a primary active transport; requires ATP but only for the primary active transport |
front 58 hypertonic | back 58 a solution has a greater solute concentration than that of the cytosol; cells lose water by osmosis and shrink (crenation) |
front 59 endomembrane system | back 59 a system of organelles that work together maintly to produce, degrade, store, and export biological molecules, and degrade potentially harmful substances. |
front 60 microfilaments | back 60 thinnest elements of the cytoskeleton that are semiflexible strands of protein actin |
front 61 functions of lysosomes | back 61 break down bone to release calcium ions into the blood, digest particles taken in by endocytosis (bacteria, viruses and toxins), degrade worn out organelles, perform metabolic functions such as glycogen break down and release, break down useless tissues (webs between fetal digits and uterine lining during menstruation) |
front 62 centrosome | back 62 microtubule organizing center with a 9x3 array. |
front 63 microvilli | back 63 fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane that project from an exposed cell surface |
front 64 found on the surface of absorptive cells such as intestinal and kidney tubule cells | back 64 microvilli |
front 65 interphase | back 65 period from cell formation to cell division; not a part of cell division or replication |
front 66 subphases of interphase | back 66 G1, S, G2 |
front 67 function of mRNA | back 67 carries transcript information |
front 68 CAM | back 68 cellular adhesion molecule that provides temporary binding sites that guide cell migration and other cell-cell interactions |
front 69 tight junctions | back 69 prevent fluids and most molecules from moving between cells |
front 70 In what tissue are desmosomes found? | back 70 skeletal muscle, ligaments and tendons |
front 71 In what tissue are tight junctions found? | back 71 integumentary system |
front 72 In what tissue are gap junctions found? | back 72 heart muscle, nervous tissue, and some smooth digestive muscle |
front 73 types of membrane transport | back 73 passive and active |
front 74 passive membrane transport | back 74 does not require ATP |
front 75 Fats and gases diffuse this way | back 75 simple diffusion |
front 76 What determines whether or not a substance can passively permeate a membrane? | back 76 lipid solubility of the substance, channels of appropriate size, and carrier proteins |
front 77 facilitated diffusion | back 77 transmembrane integral proteins transport specific polar molecules (e.g., sugars and amino acids) |
front 78 carrier proteins | back 78 transport certain lipophobic molecules (glucose, ions or amino acids) |
front 79 types of facilitated diffusion | back 79 channels and carrier proteins |
front 80 types of facilitated diffusion using channel proteins | back 80 leakage and gated |
front 81 Leakage channels are always_____________. | back 81 open |
front 82 Gated channels are controlled by___________ and _____________. | back 82 chemical, electric signals |
front 83 Aquaporins transport other things other than water. | back 83 False. |
front 84 Required by active transport | back 84 carrier proteins (solute pumps) |
front 85 active transport | back 85 moves solutes against a concentration gradient |
front 86 secondary active transport | back 86 depends on an ion gradient created by primary active transport |
front 87 endocytosis | back 87 often receptor mediated, therefore very selective |
front 88 phagocytosis | back 88 pseudopods engulf solids and bring them into the cell's interior |
front 89 pinocytosis | back 89 cell drinking |
front 90 Macrophages and some white blood cells participate in _________________. | back 90 phagocytosis |
front 91 Occurs in nutrient absorption in the small intestine. | back 91 pinocytosis |
front 92 receptor mediated endocytosis | back 92 clathrin coated pits provide main route for endocytosis and transcytosis |
front 93 uptake of enzymes, low density lipoproteins, iron and insulin | back 93 occur with receptor mediated endocytosis |
front 94 Roles of cell adhesion molecules | back 94 anchor cells to extracellular matrix or to each other, assist in movement of cells past one another, CAMs of blood vessel lining attract white blood cells to injured or infected areas, stimulate synthesis or degradation of adhesive membrane junctions, transmit intracellular signals to direct cell migration, proliferation, and specialization. |
front 95 cell to environment interactions | back 95 involves glycoproteins and proteins of the glycocalyx |
front 96 Roles of membrane receptors | back 96 contact signaling (touching and recognition of cells), chemical signaling (interaction between receptors and ligands), G protein linked receptors (ligand binding activates a G protein, affecting an ion channel or enzyme or causing the release of an internal second messenger |
front 97 comprised of cytosol, cytoplasmic organelles and inclusions | back 97 cytoplasm |
front 98 components of cytosol | back 98 water with solutes such as protein, salts, sugars, etc. |
front 99 cell inclusions | back 99 granules of glycogen or pigments (melanin), lipid droplets, vacuoles, and crystals |
front 100 nonmebranous organelles | back 100 cytoskeleton, centrioles, and ribosomes |
front 101 membranous organelles | back 101 mitochondria, peroxisomes, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus |
front 102 ER | back 102 interconnected tubes and parallel membranes enclosing cisternae, continuous with nuclear membrane/envelope |
front 103 rough ER | back 103 studded with ribosomes, manufactures all secreted proteins, synthesizes membrane integral proteins and phospholipids |
front 104 smooth ER | back 104 tubules arranged in a looping network, enzyme functions |
front 105 synthesis of steroid based hormones | back 105 smooth ER |
front 106 In skeletal and cardiac muscle cells, smooth ER... | back 106 storage and release of calcium |
front 107 In liver cells, smooth ER... | back 107 metabolizes lipids and cholesterol, breakdown of glycogen |
front 108 In kidney cells, smooth ER... | back 108 detoxifies drugs, pesticides and carcinogens |
front 109 In intestinal cells, smooth ER... | back 109 absorbs, synthesizes, and transports fats |
front 110 modifies, concentrates, and packages proteins and lipids | back 110 Golgi Apparatus |
front 111 autolysis | back 111 destruction of cells |
front 112 free radicals | back 112 highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons |
front 113 involved in cell motility, change in shape, endocytosis and exocytosis | back 113 microfilaments |
front 114 intermediate filaments | back 114 tough, insoluble ropelike protein fibers |
front 115 resists pulilng forces on the cell and attaches to desmosomes | back 115 intermediate filaments |
front 116 microtubules | back 116 dynamic hollow tubes, most of which radiate from centrosome |
front 117 determine the overall shape of cell and distribution of organelles | back 117 microtubules |
front 118 chromatin | back 118 threadlike strands of DNA that are arranged in fundamental units called nuleosomes |
front 119 motor molecules | back 119 ATP powered protein complexes that function in motility |
front 120 cell center near the nucleus organizes the mitotic spindle | back 120 centrosome |
front 121 Red blood cells are a) anucleate or b) uninucleate? | back 121 anucleate |
front 122 Most cells are a) anucleate or b) uninucleate? | back 122 uninucleate |
front 123 cells with more than one nucleus (multinucleate) | back 123 skeletal muscles cells, bone destruction cells, and certain liver cells |
front 124 a double membrane barrier containing pores that maintains the shape of the nucleus | back 124 nuclear envelope/nuclear membrane |
front 125 nucleoli | back 125 involved in rRNA synthesis and ribosome subunit assembly |
front 126 nuclear pores | back 126 regulate transport of large molecules into and out of nucleus |
front 127 cell division | back 127 mitosis |
front 128 G0 | back 128 gap phase in cells that permanently stop dividing |
front 129 S | back 129 second subphase of interphase that is DNA replication |
front 130 G2 | back 130 third subphase of interphase that is characterized by the preparation for division |
front 131 types of G0 cells | back 131 nerve, cartilage, heart |
front 132 90% of a cell's life is spent in this phase | back 132 interphase |
front 133 DNA replication | back 133 DNA helices begin unwinding from the nucleosomes, helicase untwists the double helix and exposes the complementary chains, the Y shaped site of replication is the replication fork, each nucleotide strand serves as a template for building a new complementary strand |
front 134 Does DNA polymerase work in one direction or two directions during DNA replication? | back 134 one direction |
front 135 ligase | back 135 splices together short segments of a discontinuous DNA strand during replication |
front 136 Four phases of mitosis in order | back 136 prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase |
front 137 essential for growth and repair of cells | back 137 mitosis (cell division) |
front 138 cytokinesis | back 138 division of cytoplasm by cleavage furrow |
front 139 semiconservative replication | back 139 2 DNA molecules formed from the original strand |
front 140 Lagging strand works toward or away from the fork in helicase? | back 140 away |
front 141 helicase | back 141 unwinds the double helix and exposes bases of DNA |
front 142 amino acids the comprise DNA | back 142 adenine, cytosine, thymine, guanine |
front 143 prophase | back 143 chromosomes become visible, each with two chromatids joined at a centromere |
front 144 mitotic spindles and asters form | back 144 prophase |
front 145 centrosomes spearate and migrate toward opposite poles | back 145 prophase |
front 146 second phase of mitosis | back 146 metaphase |
front 147 centromeres of chromosomes align at the equator | back 147 metaphase |
front 148 metaphase plate | back 148 plane midway between the poles |
front 149 shortest phase of mitosis | back 149 anaphase |
front 150 anaphase | back 150 when centromeres of chromosomes split simultaneously, and each chromatid now becomes a chromosome |
front 151 "Go signals" of cell division | back 151 critical volume of cell when area of membrane is inadequate for exchange, 2) chemicals |
front 152 Cdks (cylin-dependent kinases) | back 152 a go signal for control of cell division |
front 153 Cytokinesis begins at which phase of mitosis? | back 153 anaphase |
front 154 A ring of actin microfilaments contract to form a cleavage furrow on a cell, pinching apart two daughter cells. | back 154 cytokinesis |
front 155 The phase during which chromosomes stop moving | back 155 telophase |
front 156 During telophase these reappear and these disappear. | back 156 nucleoli, spindles |
front 157 three main types of RNA | back 157 mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA |
front 158 What is the master blueprint for protein synthesis? | back 158 DNA |
front 159 gene | back 159 segment of DNA with blueprint for one polypeptide (protein) |
front 160 triplets of nucleotide bases form | back 160 a genetic library |
front 161 Specifies coding for an amino acid | back 161 triplet |
front 162 mRNA | back 162 messenger RNA |
front 163 rRNA | back 163 ribosomal RNA |
front 164 tRNA | back 164 transfer RNA |
front 165 carries instructions for building a polypeptide, from gene in DNA to ribosomes in cytoplasm | back 165 mRNA |
front 166 structural component of ribosomes that, along with tRNA, helps translate message from mRNA | back 166 rRNA |
front 167 binds to amino acids and pairs with bases of codons of mRNA at ribosome to begin process of protein synthesis | back 167 tRNA |
front 168 only type of RNA in nucleus | back 168 mRNA |
front 169 site of both tRNA and mRNA | back 169 ribosomes |
front 170 Steps of protein synthesis | back 170 transcription and translation |
front 171 transcription | back 171 transfers DNA gene base sequence to a complementary base sequence of an mRNA (it transcribes) |
front 172 RNA polymerase | back 172 an enzyme that oversees synthesis of mRNA andunwinds the DNA template |
front 173 transcription factor | back 173 loosens histones from DNA in area to be transcribed, binds to promoter, mediates the binding of RNA polymerase to promoter |
front 174 promoter | back 174 a DNA sequence specifying start site of gene to be transcribed in transcription |
front 175 transcription | back 175 making a partial copy of DNA |
front 176 replication | back 176 making an entire copy of DNA |
front 177 translation | back 177 converts base sequence of nucleic acids into the amino acid sequence of proteins |
front 178 codon | back 178 a complementary three base sequence on mRNA |
front 179 translation involves what types of RNA? | back 179 all of them |
front 180 translation | back 180 anticodon of a tRNA binds to its complementary codon and adds its amino acid to the forming protein chain |
front 181 intron regions of DNA code | back 181 junk |
front 182 signal recognition particle SRP | back 182 found in rough ER; binds with mRNA-ribosome complex during protein synthesis |
front 183 ubiquitin | back 183 it tags damaged or unneeded soluble proteins in cytosol |
front 184 antisense RNA | back 184 prevents protein coding RNA from being translated |
front 185 microRNA | back 185 small RNAs that interfere with mRNAs made by certain exons |
front 186 riboswitches | back 186 folded RNAs that act as switches regulating protein synthesis in response to environmental conditions |
front 187 all cells of the body contain the same DNA but are not_______________. | back 187 identical |
front 188 cell differentiation | back 188 development of specific and distinctive features in cells |
front 189 rapid cell death | back 189 apoptosis |
front 190 ____________ ___________ in the embryo channel cells into specific delopmental pathways by turning some genes off. | back 190 chemical signals |
front 191 wear and tear theory of cells | back 191 little chemical insults and free radicals have cumulative effects |
front 192 genetic theory | back 192 cessation of mitosis and cell again are programmed into genes. |
front 193 may determine the number of times a cell can divide | back 193 telomeres |
front 194 telomeres | back 194 strings of nucleotides on the ends of chromosomes |