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Medical Microbiology

front 1 1) Antoni van Leeuwenhoek was the first person in history to A) use a magnifying glass. B) develop a taxonomic system. C) view protozoa and bacteria. D) disprove spontaneous generation. E) prove the germ theory.	back 1 C
front 2 2) The microbes commonly known as __________ are single-celled eukaryotes that are generally motile. A) archaea B) bacteria C) fungi D) protozoa E) viruses	back 2 D
front 3 3) Which of the following statements about algae is FALSE? A) The group includes seaweeds and kelps. B) They are photosynthetic organisms. C) They provide most of the oxygen on Earth. D) They are important in the degradation of dead plants and animals. E) They are a source of food for aquatic and marine animals.	back 3 D
front 4 4) Microbes that can live in the presence or absence of oxygen are called A) anaerobes. B) facultative anaerobes. C) obligate parasites. D) archaea. E) prokaryotes.	back 4 B

front 5 5) Which of the following scientists provided evidence in favor of the concept of spontaneous generation? A) Pasteur B) Needham C) Redi D) Buchner E) Spallanzani	back 5 B
front 6 6) The microbial production of alcohol from sugar is known as A) fermentation. B) pasteurization. C) metabolism. D) abiogenesis. E) antisepsis.	back 6 A
front 7 7) Which of the following statements about fungi is FALSE? A) Fungi are eukaryotes. B) Molds form hyphae. C) Fungi have a cell wall. D) Fungi are photosynthetic. E) Yeasts are unicellular	back 7 D
front 8 8) Which of the following statements concerning Koch's postulates is FALSE? A) Koch's postulates cannot be used to demonstrate the cause of all diseases. B) A suspected pathogen must be able to be grown in the laboratory. C) All of Koch's postulates must be satisfied before an organism can be proven to cause a particular disease. D) Koch's postulates involve the experimental infection of susceptible hosts. E) A suspected pathogen must be found in the majority of individuals with a particular disease.	back 8 E

front 9 9) Which of the following individuals pioneered the use of chemicals to reduce the incidence of infections during surgery? A) Nightingale B) Snow C) Ehrlich D) Lister E) Semmelweis	back 9 D
front 10 10) The study of the body's defenses against pathogens is called A) etiology. B) immunology. C) chemotherapy. D) molecular biology. E) epidemiology.	back 10 B
front 11 11) Which of the following questions largely stimulated the research of microbes during what is known as the Golden Age of Microbiology? A) What causes disease? B) How do genes work? C) Is spontaneous generation of microbes possible? D) How are microbes related? E) What causes disease, and is spontaneous generation of microbes possible?	back 11 E
front 12 12) The microbial activity of __________ is responsible for the production of various foods. A) archaea B) bacteria C) fungi D) protozoa E) both fungi and bacteria	back 12 E

front 13 13) What scientist first hypothesized that gene sequences could provide new insights into evolutionary relationships between organisms such as microbes? A) Woese B) Avery C) Ehrlich D) Kluyver E) Pauling	back 13 E
front 14 14) Work by __________ laid the foundations of the field of environmental microbiology. A) Redi and Spallanzani B) Koch and Pasteur C) Beijerinck and Winogradsky D) Lister and Semmelweis E) Pauling and Woese	back 14 C
front 15 15) According to Kluyver and van Niel, which of the following are true of basic biochemical reactions? A) They are shared by all living things. B) There are an unlimited number of them. C) They primarily involve the transfer of electrons and ions. D) Basic biochemical reactions shared by all living things primarily involve transfer of electrons and hydrogen ions. E) They primarily involve transfers of chemical groups	back 15 D
front 16 16) Semmelweis advocated handwashing as a method of preventing which of the following diseases? A) cholera B) puerperal fever C) smallpox D) anthrax E) syphilis	back 16 B

front 17 17) Paul Ehrlich used chemotherapy to treat A) cholera. B) cancer. C) anthrax. D) smallpox. E) syphilis.	back 17 E
front 18 18) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viruses? A) They are visible with a light microscope. B) They are acellular. C) They are composed of genetic material and protein. D) They are smaller than prokaryotic cells. E) They are obligatory parasites.	back 18 A
front 19 19) The first true vaccine protected against disease caused by a __________ pathogen. A) bacterial B) protozoal C) fungal D) viral E) archaeal	back 19 D
front 20 20) All of the following individuals were involved in improving public health in the 19th century EXCEPT A) Snow. B) Spallanzani. C) Nightingale. D) Semmelweis. E) Lister.	back 20 B

front 21 21) Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an example of which of the following types of microbes? A) fungus B) protozoan C) prokaryote D) alga E) virus	back 21 A
front 22 22) Inserting a gene from the hepatitis B virus into yeast so that the yeast produces a viral protein is an example of A) etiology. B) genetic engineering. C) immunology. D) microbial genetics. E) gene therapy.	back 22 B
front 23 23) Which of the following was NOT an aspect of Pasteur's experiments to disprove spontaneous generation? A) The necks of the flasks he used were bent into an S-shape. B) He boiled the infusions to kill any microbes present. C) The flasks were incubated for very long periods of time. D) The flasks were free of microbes until they were opened. E) The flasks he used were sealed with corks.	back 23 E
front 24 24) Proteins that promote chemical reactions in the cell are called A) spores. B) enzymes. C) genes. D) protozoa. E) flagella.	back 24 B

front 25 25) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of protozoa? A) Most exhibit asexual reproduction. B) They are single-celled organisms. C) They are eukaryotic organisms. D) They are the microbes most similar to plants. E) They frequently possess cilia or flagella.	back 25 D
front 26 26) Which of the following scientists was the first to develop a taxonomic system for classifying organisms? A) Linnaeus B) Needham C) Leeuwenhoek D) Lister E) Pasteur	back 26 A
front 27 27) Which of the following is NOT an observation Pasteur made concerning the fermentation of grape juice? A) Yeast can grow with or without oxygen. B) Bacteria produce acid in grape juice. C) Pasteurization kills yeast to prevent spoilage of grape juice. D) Yeast cells can grow and reproduce in grape juice. E) Yeast can grow in sealed or open flasks of grape juice.	back 27 C
front 28 28) Put the following events in the history of microbiology in order, from the earliest to the latest: I. Leeuwenhoek observes microbes using a microscope. II. Pasteur disproves spontaneous generation. III. Woese discovers the archaea. IV. Fracastoro proposes that "germs" cause disease. V. Ehrlich discovers the first "magic bullet." A) III, IV, I, II, V B) V, IV, I, III, II C) IV, I, V, II, III D) III, V, II, IV, I E) IV, I, II, V, III	back 28 E

front 29 29) John Snow's research during a cholera outbreak in London laid the foundation for which of the following branches of microbiology? A) infection control B) epidemiology C) immunology D) both infection control and epidemiology E) infection control, epidemiology, and immunology	back 29 D
front 30 30) Robert Koch was involved in research on all of the following topics EXCEPT A) the cause of anthrax. B) the cause of fermentation. C) development of a method to prove the cause of an infectious disease. D) the cause of tuberculosis. E) techniques for isolating microbes in the laboratory.	back 30 B
front 31 31) Which of the following is an INCORRECT pairing? A) protozoa: multicellular B) fungi: cell walls C) algae: aquatic and marine habitats D) prokaryotes: no nuclei E) viruses: acellular parasites	back 31 A
front 32 32) What was the first disease proven to be bacterial in origin? A) yellow fever B) cholera C) anthrax D) malaria E) tuberculosis	back 32 C

front 33 33) The work of Lister, Nightingale, and Semmelweis all contributed to controlling infectious disease by A) developing techniques for isolating pathogens. B) developing methods for reducing nosocomial infections. C) identifying the sources of infectious agents. D) determining the taxonomic relationships among microbes. E) developing vaccines.	back 33 B
front 34 34) Who discovered penicillin? A) Fleming B) Ehrlich C) Kitasato D) Pasteur E) Domagk	back 34 A
front 35 35) All of the following were involved in developing the germ theory of disease EXCEPT A) Koch. B) Pauling. C) Fracastoro. D) Snow. E) Pasteur.	back 35 B
front 36 36) Microorganisms characterized by the absence of a nucleus are called A) fungi. B) pathogens. C) eukaryotes. D) prokaryotes. E) viruses.	back 36 D

front 37 37) The term that literally means "against putrefaction" is A) antisepsis. B) prokaryote. C) chemotherapy. D) recombinant technology. E) nosocomial.	back 37 A
front 38 38) The term __________ refers to an infection acquired in a health care setting. A) abiogenesis B) bioremediation C) spontaneous generation D) nosocomial E) archaea	back 38 D
front 39 39) The term __________ literally means "produces disease." A) prokaryote B) pathogen C) nosocomial D) facultative anaerobe E) animalcule	back 39 B
front 40 40) The study of the causation of disease is known as A) epidemiology. B) immunology. C) biotechnology. D) etiology. E) chemotherapy.	back 40 D

front 41 41) The term for the use of microorganisms to restore damaged environments is A) epidemiology. B) bioremediation. C) chemotherapy. D) serology. E) ecology.	back 41 B
front 42 42) The term __________ means the study of the blood components that fight infection. A) antisepsis B) chemotherapy C) etiology D) serology E) bioremediation	back 42 D
front 43 43) The study of the occurrence, distribution, and spread of disease is known as A) biotechnology. B) epidemiology. C) molecular biology. D) serology. E) biochemistry.	back 43 B
front 44 44) The taxonomic scheme developed by Linnaeus remains largely unchanged in modern biology. A - True B - False	back 44 B

front 45 45) Christian Gram devised a staining technique that divides all bacteria into two groups. A - Ture B - False	back 45 A
front 46 46) The production of human blood-clotting factor by E. coli is an example of bioremediation. A - True B - False	back 46 B
front 47 47) Walter Reed proved that a virus causes yellow fever in humans. A - Ture B - False	back 47 A
front 48 48) Gene therapy is a modern approach to preventing infectious disease. A - True B - False	back 48 B

front 49 49) Koch's postulates can be used only to prove the causes of infectious diseases. A - True B - False	back 49 A
front 50 50) Joseph Lister reduced the incidence of wound infections in health care settings by using chlorinated lime water. A - True B - False	back 50 B
front 51 51) Robert Koch developed a vaccine to prevent anthrax after identifying the causative agent. A - Ture B - False	back 51 B
front 52 52) Fermentation can occur in the absence of living cells. A - True B - False	back 52 A

front 53 53) Lazzaro Spallanzani was the first scientist to provide evidence disproving the spontaneous generation of microorganisms. A - True B - False	back 53 A
front 54 54) Microbes that move by means of cilia are __________.	back 54 protozoa
front 55 55) A cell that contains a nucleus is called a(n) __________ cell.	back 55 eukaryotic
front 56 56) A(n) __________ organism makes its own food using solar energy.	back 56 photosynthetic

front 57 57) Microbes that cause infectious disease are called __________.	back 57 pathogens
front 58 58) An asexual method of reproduction associated with yeasts is __________.	back 58 budding
front 59 59) A(n) __________ is a potential explanation for a set of observations made by a scientist studying a phenomenon.	back 59 hypothesis
front 60 60) Bacteria that can live without oxygen are termed __________.	back 60 anaerobic

front 61 61) Robert Koch discovered the cause of __________, a disease of animals that can be spread to humans.	back 61 anthrax
front 62 62) A(n) __________ is a mass of cells that are descended from a single cell through successive cell divisions.	back 62 colony
front 63 63) The first true vaccine provided protection from disease caused by a(n) __________.	back 63 virus
front 64 64) Ignaz Semmelweis demonstrated the importance of __________ as a means of preventing disease transmission.	back 64 handwashing

front 65 65) A term synonymous with immunization, __________ is derived from the Latin name of the cowpox virus.	back 65 vaccination
front 66 66) The use of chemicals to treat diseases such as bacterial infections is called __________.	back 66 chemotherapy
front 67 67) Organisms such as bacteria that can convert atmospheric nitrogen into nitrate are often studied in __________ microbiology.	back 67 environmental
front 68 68) The __________ of an organism is all the chemical reactions that take place in the organism.	back 68 metabolism