front 1 Population | back 1 [_______] is the group of individual persons, objects, or items that one wishes to better understand certain characteristics about and from which samples are taken for statistical measurement. |
front 2 Census | back 2 [_______] is a survey of every individual in the population and the information gathered is called the population data (N) as opposed to representative of the population, that is, sample data (n). |
front 3 Description | back 3 [________] statistics involve methods of organizing and summarizing information (data) and presenting it numerically or visually (graphically). |
front 4 Inferential | back 4 [_________] statistics involves methods of analyzing and interpreting descriptive statistics to draw conclusions regarding a particular characteristic in the population with a certain degree of assurance based on preset level of significance and specified assumptions, |
front 5 Quantitative | back 5 The length of time between full moons. |
front 6 Quantitative | back 6 The number of products shipped in a year. |
front 7 Qualitative | back 7 The colors of paint manufactured in the United States |
front 8 Qualitative | back 8 The gender of the subjects participating in clinical trials |
front 9 Quantitative | back 9 The temperature of a cup of coffee. |
front 10 Quantitative | back 10 Political association: Democrat, Republican or Independent. |
front 11 Instrument | back 11 An [_________] is any means which information is gathered or measured such as an exam, survey or other rulers such as barometer, thermometer, etc. |
front 12 Parameter | back 12 A [_________] is a numerical measure that describes the outlined characteristic of the population such as central tendencies (mean, median, mode and proportion), spread (range, variance and standard deviation) and shape (symmetric and skewed). In general, when a specific parameter is not specified, the lowercase Greek letter Theta is used to denote a population parameter. |
front 13 Statistic | back 13 [_________] is a numerical measure that yields an estimate of a population parameter. That is, a numerical measure that uses the data from the sample to estimate the outlined characteristic of the population. |
front 14 Measure | back 14 [_________] involves any standard of comparison, estimation or judgment, property of an individual given a numerical value; a quantity, a count, a degree, rate or proportion |
front 15 Discrete | back 15 A [________] measure such that the set of possible observed outcomes are separate, distinct and finite such as a count. Discrete measures are such that the outcomes can be enumerated: one, two, three, etc. |
front 16 Continuous | back 16 A [_________] measure is such that the set of possible observed outcomes are infinite and uncountable. Continuous measures are dense; that is, between any two values (outcomes) there exist another value (outcome) such as a mean or rate. |
front 17 Validity | back 17 [_________] refers to the degree of accuracy to which a study reflects the specific concept or characteristic that the analyst or researcher is attempting to measure. |
front 18 Bias | back 18 [________] is a consistent deviation of the statistics to one side of the parameter. |
front 19 Variability | back 19 [__________] measures the degree of dispersion within a given data set; some common measures of dispersion include range, mean (average) deviation, standard deviation, variance, interquartile range, and mean difference. |
front 20 Reliable | back 20 [__________] refers to the accuracy and precision of the actual measuring instrument or procedure. A reliable measure is a (precise) measurement such that the random error is small. |
front 21 Nominal | back 21
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front 22 Ratio | back 22
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front 23 Interval | back 23 The temperature of a cup of coffee |
front 24 Ordinal | back 24 A five-point Likert Scale |
front 25 Random sample | back 25 A [_____ _____] is a sample of size n taken from a population of size N in such a way that each individual observed has an equally likely chance of being selected. |
front 26 Systematic | back 26 [________] sampling is a sample such that every kth individual or item is measured. |
front 27 Cluster | back 27 [__________] sampling is such that groups are selected based on pre-existing groups such as by region or zip code. |
front 28 Stratified | back 28 [__________] sampling is such that individuals are first grouped by specific characteristics such as gender and then samples are taken from each group or strata. |
front 29 Observationa; | back 29 [__________] sampling is such that individuals are selected based upon ease of access. Such sampling techniques are prone to bias. |
front 30 Experimental | back 30 An [__________] study is an experiment designed to be observed with interference from the observer in that specific treatments are applied to the individuals, in an effort to measure differences in the subject respose. |
front 31 Treatment | back 31 A [__________] is any condition set forth that is applied to the individual or subject in an effort to determine differences among a variety of treatment as compared to each other or a control group |
front 32 Control | back 32 A [__________] group is a group created for sake of comparison. This group can be one of the treatment groups or a group that receives a false treatment called a Placebo. |
front 33 Placebo effect | back 33 The [_______ ______] occurs when a subject receives a false treatment (such as a sugar pill) or no treatment, but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably. |
front 34 Confidentiality | back 34 [__________] is when personal information is given, but not shared. Only the statistical summaries are made available to other organizations or persons involved in the study. |
front 35 Informed consent | back 35 [_____ _____] is when the individual is both informed of the ramifications involved in the study and gives consent to participate, knowing of such things such as side effects. |
front 36 Simulation | back 36 [__________] is the imitation of a natural process using general characteristics behaviors in an effort to mimic or model the natural system. |