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37 notecards = 10 pages (4 cards per page)

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FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS

front 1

GONADOTROPINS
FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE
FSH

back 1

ORIGIN: ANTERIOR PITUITARY
TARGET TISSUE: OVARIES AND TESTES
FUNCTION: REGULATE GAMETE PRODUCTION.
WITH LH, STIMULATES THE MATURATION
OF AND EGG.

front 2

GONADOTROPINS
LUTEINIZING HORMONE
LH

back 2

ORIGIN: ANTERIOR PITUITARY
TARGET TISSUE: OVARIES AND TESTES
FUNCTION: STIMULATES THE PRODUCTION OF GONADAL
HORMONES, TRIGGERSS OVULATION,
PROMOTES SYNTHESIS AND RELEASE OF
OVARIAN HORMONES. IN MALES, ITS CALLED ICSH(INTERSTITIAL CELL STIMULATING HORMONE)WHICH STIMULATES THE INTERSTITIAL CELLS OF THE TESTES TO PRODUCE TESTOSTERONE.

front 3

ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE
ACTH
AKA CORTICOTROPIN

back 3

ORIGIN: ANTERIOR PITUITARY BY CORTICOTROPE CELLS
TARGET TISSUE: ADRENAL CORTEX
FUNCTION: CONTROLS THE PRRODUCTION AND
RELEASE OF THE SEX STEROIDS
(ESTROGENS, ANDROGENS AND
PROGESTERONE), THE GLUCOCORTICOIDS
AND THE MINERALOCORTICOIDS

front 4

THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE
AKA THYROTROPIN
TSH

back 4

ORIGIN: ANTERIOR PITUITARY BY THYROTROPE CELLS
TARGET TISSUE: THYROID GLAND
FUNCTION: CONTROLS PRODUCTION AND RELEASE OF
THYROID HORMONES WHICH CONTROLS
METABOLIC RATE

front 5

GROWTH HORMONE
GH
(GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING HORMONE-GHRH, GROWTH
HORMONE INHIBITING HORMONE-GHIH)

back 5

ORIGIN: ANTERIOR PITUITARY BY SOMATOTROPIC CELLS
TARGET TISSUE: LIVER, MUSCLES, BONES
FUNCTION: AFFECTS GROWTH RATE DETERMINING BODY
SIZE
DISEASE: EXCESS GH: ACROMEGALY-OVERGROWTH OF
BONES IN HANDS
GIGANTISM IN CHILDREN
LACK GH: DWARFISM

front 6

PROLACTIN
PRL

back 6

ORIGIN: ANTERIOR PITUITARYBY LACTOTROPES
TARGET TISSUE: MAMMARY GLANDS, CORPUS LUTEUM
FUNCTION: STIMULATES BREAST DEVELOPMENT AND
PROMOTES AND MAINTAINS LACTATION BY
THE MAMMARY GLANDS AFTER CHILDBIRTH.
MAY ALSO STIMULATE TESTERONE
PRODUCTION IN MALES.

front 7

OXYTOCIN

back 7

ORIGIN: HYPOTHALAMUS STORED IN POSTERIOR
PITUITARY
TARGET TISSUE: UTERUS AND MAMMARY GLANDS
FUNCTION: STIMULATES POWERFUL UTERINE
CONTRACTIONS DURING BIRTH AND COITUS
AND ALSO CAUSES MILK EJECTION IN THE
LACTATING MOTHER

front 8

ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE
ADH
AKA VASOPRESSIN

back 8

ORIGIN: HYPOTHALAMUS STORED IN THE POSTERIOR
PITUITARY
TARGET TISSUE: KIDNEY TUBULES
FUNCTIONS: CAUSES THE DISTAL AND COLLECTING
TUBULES OF THE KIDNEYS TO REABSORB
MORE WATER FROM THE URINARY FILTRATE,
THEREBY REDUCING URING OUTPUT AND
CONSERVING BODY WATER.
DISEASES: DIABETES INSIPIDUS AKA POLYURIA-
HYPOSECRETION OF ADH RESULTS IN
DEHYDRATION FROM EXCESSIVE URINE OUTPUT

front 9

MELATONIN

back 9

ORIGIN: PINEAL GLAND
TARGET TISSUE: BRAIN
FUNCTION: EXHIBITS A DIURNAL(DAILY) CYCLE. PEAKS AT NIGHT, MAKING US DRWOSY AND IS LOWEST AROUND NOON. IN HUMANS IT APPEARS TO EXERT SOME INHIBITORY EFFECT ON THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM THAT PREVENTS PRECOCIOUS SEXUAL MATURATION.

front 10

THYROID HORMONE
T3(TRIIODOTHYRONINE), T4(THYROXINE)

back 10

ORIGIN: THYROID GLAND
TARGET TISSUE: BODY CELLS
FUNCTIONS: CONTROL THE RATE OF BODY METABOLISM
AND CELLULAR OXIDATION
DISEASES: MYXEDEMA-HYPOSECRETION OF T4, CONDITION OF MENTAL AND PHYSICAL SLUGGISHNESS.
HYPERSECRETION CAUSES ELEVATED GRAVE'S DISEASE-HYPERTHYROIDISM-METABOLIC RATE,NERVOUSNESS, WEIGHT LOSS, SWEATING, AND IRREGULAR HEARTBEAT
CRETINISM-SEVERE HYPOTHYROIDISM IN INFANTS

front 11

CALCITONIN

back 11

ORIGIN: THYROID GLAND BY PARAFOLLICULAR CELLS
TARGET TISSUE: BONES (OSTEOBLASTS)
FUNCTIONS: DECREASES BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS BY
STIMULATING CALCIUM SALT DEPOSITS
***ANTAGONIST OF PARATHYROID HORMONE-LOWERS BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS***

front 12

PARATHYROID HORMONE
PTH

back 12

ORIGIN: PARATHYROID GLANDS
TARGET TISSUE:
FUNCTIONS: REGULATES CALCIUM BALANCE OF THE
BLOOD, AND STIMULATES THE KIDNEYS TO
CONVERT VITAMIN D TO ITS ACTIVE D3
FORM, CALCITRIOL
DISEASES: TETANY PROLONGED MUSCLE SPASMS THA TCAN RESULT IN RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS AND DEAT DUE TO HYPOSECRETION.
HYPERSECRETION CAUSES LOSS OF CALCIUM FROM BONES, CAUSING DEFORMATION, SOFTENING AND SPONTANEOUS FRACTURES.
***ANTAGONIST OF CACITONIN-INCREASES BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS***

front 13

THYMULIN, THYMOSINS, AND THYMOPOIETINS

back 13

ORIGIN: THYMUS
TARGET TISSUE:
FUNCTIONS: AID IN NORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF T-LYMPHOCYTES AND THE IMMUNE RESPONSE.

front 14

EPINEPHRINE & NOREPINEPHRINE

back 14

ORIGIN: ADRENAL GLANDS
TARGET TISSUE:
FUNCTIONS: ACT IN CONJUNCTIN WITH THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM TO ELICIT THE FIGHT-OR-FLIGHT RESPONSE TO STRESSORS. INCREASE OF CARDIAC ACTIVITY, BREAKDOWN IN GLYCOGEN.

front 15

INSULIN

back 15

ORIGIN: PANCREAS (ACTS AND ENDOCRINE AND EXCRONE GLAND)
TARGET TISSUE: ALL BODY CELLS
FUNCTIONS: DECREASES BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS BC OF ELEVATED BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS, PRIMARILY BY ACCELERATING THE TRANSPORT OF GLUCOSE IN THE BODY CELLS WHERE IT IS OXIDIZED FOR ENERGY OR CONVERTED TO GLYCOGEN OR FAT FOR STORAGE
DISEASES: DIABETES MELLITUS-INABILITY OF BODY CELLS TO UTILIZE GLUCOSE AND THE SUBSEQUENT LOSS OF GLUCOSE IN URINE.
HYPOGLYCEMIA-HYPERSECRETION OF INSULIN CAUSES LOW BLOOD SUGAR

front 16

GLUCAGON

back 16

ORIGIN: PANCREAS
TARGET TISSUES: LIVER
FUNCTIONS: WHEN BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS ARE LOE, IT STIUMULATES THE LIVER, ITS PRIMARY TARGET ORGAN, TO BREAK DOWN GLYCOGEN STORES TO GLUCOSE AND SUBSEQUENTLY TO RELEASE THE GLUCOSE TO THE BLOOD.

front 17

ESTROGEN

back 17

ORIGIN: GONADS
TARGET TISSUE: OVARIES
FUNCTIONS: RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FEMALE AT PUBERTY (PRIMARILY MATURATION OF THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE BREASTS AND ACT WITH PROGESTERONE TO BRING ABOUT CYCLIC CHANGES OF THE UTERINE LINING THAT OCCUR DURING THE MENSTURAL CYCLE. ALSO HELPS THE MAMMARY GLANDS FOR LACTATION

front 18

PROGESTERONE

back 18

ORIGIN: FEMALE GONADS
TARGET TISSUES: OVARIES
FUNCTIONS: DURING PREGNANCY, IT HELPS TO MAINTAIN THE UTERINE MUSCULATURE IN A QUIESCENT STATE AND HELPS TO PREPARE THE BREAST TISSUE FOR LACTATION

front 19

TESTOSTERONE

back 19

ORIGIN: MALE GONADS
TARGET TISSUE: TESTES
FUNCTIONS: PROMOTES MATURATION OF MALE SEX ORGANS, SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS, AND SEX DRIVE DURING PUBERTY. NECESSARY FOR NORMAL SPERM PRODUCTION AND MAINTAIN THE REPORDUCTIVE ORGANS IN THEIR MATURE FUNCTIONAL STATES

front 20

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

back 20

1)2ND MAJOR CONTROL SYSTEM OF THE BODY.
2)ACTING WITH THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, IT HELPS COORDINATE AND INTEGRATE THE ACTIVITY OF THE BODY'S CELLS.
3)THE NERVOUS SYSTEM EMPLOYS ELECTROCHEMICAL IMULSES TO BRING ABOUT RAPID CONTROL WHEREAS THE MORE SLOWLY ACTING ENDOCRINE SYSTEM EMPLOYS "CHEMICAL MESSENGERS" HORMONES, WHICH ARE RELEASED INTO THE BLOOD TO BE TRANSPORTED THROUGHOUT THE BODY

front 21

TARGET ORGANS

back 21

ORGANS THAT RESPOND TO A PARTICULAR HORMONE, WHICH DEPENDS ON THE ABILITY OF THE HORMONE TO BIND WITH SPECIFIC RECEPTORS (PROTEINS) OCCURRING ON THE CELLS' PLASMA MEMBRANE OR WITHIN THE CELLS.

front 22

PURELY ENDOCRINE HORMONE PRODUCING GLANDS

back 22

ANTERIOR PITUITARY, THYROID(CONSIDERED TO BE THE ONLY TRUE ENDOCRINE GLAND), ADRENALS, PARATHYROIDS

front 23

BOTH ENDOCRINE AND EXOCRINE HORMONE PRODUCING
GLANDS

back 23

PANCREAS AND GONADS

front 24

PITUITARY GLANDS AKA HYPOPHYSIS

back 24

LOCATED IN THE HYPOPHYSEAL FOSSA OF THE SELLA TURCICA OF THE SPHENOID BONE. CONTAINS TWO LOBES: ANTERIOR PITUITARY (ADENOHYPOPHYSIS) AND POSTERIOR PITUITARY (NEUROHYPOPHYSIS)

front 25

INFUNDIBULUM

back 25

ATTATCHES THE PITUITARY GLAND TO THE HYPOTHALAMUS

front 26

PARAFOLLICULAR OR C CELLS

back 26

RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CALCITONIN PRODUCTION

front 27

CHIEF CELLS

back 27

SYNTHESIZE PARATHYROID HORMONES, ARE MALL AND ABUNDANT AND ARRANGED IN THICK BRANCHING CORDS.

front 28

ACINAR CELLS

back 28

PRODUCES THE EXOCRINE SECRETION OF HYDROLITIC ENZYMES THAT IS RELEASED INTO THE DUODENUM THROUGHT THE PANCREATIC DUCT

front 29

PANCREATIC ISLETS(ISLET OF LANGERHANS)

back 29

ENDOCRINE PORTINS OF THE PANCREAS. CONTAINS ALPHA CELLS, WHICH TEND TO CLUSTER AT THE PERIPHERY OF THE ISLETS AND PRODUCE GLUCAGON AND BETA CELLS, WHICH SYNTHESIZE INSULIN.

front 30

ACIDOPHIL CELLS

back 30

PRODUCES GROWTH HORMONES AND PROLACTIN

front 31

BASOPHIL CELLS

back 31

DEEP BLUE GRANULES ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF TROPIC HORMONES (TSH, ACTH, FSH, AND LH)

front 32

CHROMOPHOBES

back 32

ROLES OF IS CONTROVERSIAL, BUT THEY APPARENTLY ARE NOT DIRECTLY INVOLVED IN HORMONE PRODUCTION

front 33

ZONA GLOMERULOSA

back 33

MOST MINERALOCORTICOID PRODUCTION OCCURS, TIGHTLY PACKED CELLS ARE ARRANGED IN SPHERICAL CLUSTERS

front 34

ZONA FASCICULATA

back 34

DEEPER INTERMEDIATE LAYER PRODUCES GLUCOCORTICOIDS, THE THICKEST PART OF THE CORTEX, ITS CELLS ARE ARRANGED IN PARALLEL CORDS.

front 35

ZONA RETICULARIS

back 35

THE INNERMOST CORTICAL ZONE WHICH PRODUCES SEX HORMONES AND SOME GLUCOCORTICOIDS, FORMS A BRANCHING NETWORK

front 36

HORMONE

back 36

CHEMICAL MESSENGERS WHICH ARE RELEASED INTO THE BLOOD TO BE TRANSPORTED THROUGHOUT THE BODY

front 37

THE PITUITARY GLAND, AKA THE _______________, IS LOCATED IN THE SELLA TURCICA OF THE SPHENOID BONE.

back 37

HYPOPHYSIS