front 1 What is the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus? | back 1 Ganglion cells pass processed information to it. The retinal axons from each visual field of the two eyes are combined in preparation for depth perception, input from cones is emphasized, and contrast is further sharpened. [pg 565] |
front 2 The "rest and digest" division of the ANS | back 2 parasympathetic system |
front 3 The "fight or flight" division of the ANS | back 3 sympathetic system |
front 4 The parasympathetic fibers of what nerve accommodate close vision? | back 4 Oculomotor nerve III |
front 5 Information from balance receptors go where? | back 5 *Brain Stem reflex centers *indicates this information was not verified with the book/class notes |
front 6 Why are sympathetic responses generally system wide? | back 6 longer-lasting, bodywide effects where Norepinephrine inactivated more slowly than ACh [Class Notes=C.N.] |
front 7 What sympathetic fibers form a splanchnic nerve? | back 7 collateral ganglia [pg 531] |
front 8 Where would you find cholinergic nicotinic receptors? | back 8 sarcolemma of skeletal muscle cells [C.N.] |
front 9 Conscious perception of vision is associated with which lobe? | back 9 Occipital [C.N.] |
front 10 Why can corneas be transplanted without tissue rejection? | back 10 it has no blood vessels [pg 549] |
front 11 What are otoliths | back 11 "ear stones" jelly-like mass studded with tiny stones (calcium carbonate crystals) [pg 580] |
front 12 What is the function of the reticular formation? | back 12 relays information to the preganglionic motor neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. [pg 538] |
front 13 The parasympathetic ganglion which serves the eye is the ________ | back 13 ciliary ganglion [pg 528] |
front 14 sympathetic nerves can leave the spinal cord at what level? | back 14 L2 [pg 529] |
front 15 What is autonomic dysreflexia? | back 15 life-threatening condition involving uncontrolled activation of autonomic neurons [pg 539] |
front 16 What is primary visual cortex? | back 16 conscious perception of visual images (seeing) occurs [pg563] |
front 17 Action of the inferior oblique | back 17 elevates eye, turns laterally [pg 547] |
front 18 What is striate cortex? | back 18 (primary visual cortex) provides form, color, and motion inputs to visual association areas collectively called the prostrate cortices. [pg 565] |
front 19 What does the 10th cranial innervate? | back 19 Vagus Nerve innervates the visceral organs |
front 20 the oval window is connected to which passageway? | back 20 scala vestiboli [C.N.] |
front 21 The only special sense not fully functional at birth. | back 21 Vision [C.N.] |
front 22 Cardiovascular effects of the sympathetic division | back 22 Increases heart rate during vigorous physical activity shunts blood to skeletal muscles and heart [C.N.] |
front 23 Stimulation of sympathetic division causes _______________ . | back 23 increased blood glucose, increased heart rate and blood pressure |
front 24 Function of rods in the eye | back 24 Noncolor vision High sensitivity; function in dim light [pg 559] |
front 25 What is olfaction and what does it involve? | back 25 :sense of smell Humans can distinguish ~ 10,000 odors ~400 “smell” genes active only in nose Pain and temperature receptors also in nasal cavities [C.N.] |
front 26 Dark Adaptation | back 26 move from bright light into darkness Cones stop functioning in low-intensity light Rhodopsin (pigment) accumulates in dark Retinal sensitivity increases within 20-30 minutes pupils dilate [C.N.] |
front 27 In the retina, the axons of which neuron layer form the optic nerves? | back 27 retinal ganglion cells [563] |
front 28 Visual processing in the thalamus contributes to what factors? | back 28 depth perception, input from cones and further contrast [pg 565] |
front 29 photoreceptors | back 29 have a light trapping outer segment Every 24 hours, new components are synthesized in the cell body and added to the base of the outer segment. [pg559] |
front 30 Where is the blind spot of the eye? | back 30 optic disc |
front 31 Where would you find autonomic ganglia? | back 31 (motor ganglia) smooth muscle, in gut, glands, cardiac muscle [pg 526] |
front 32 Order that light passes through the eye | back 32 cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, entire neural layer of retina, photoreceptors [C.N.] |
front 33 Where is the bone pillar located in the center of the cochlea? | back 33 Modiolus [pg 573] |
front 34 What is the ANS? | back 34 Autonomic Nervous System :involuntary nervous system consists of motor neurons that innervate smooth and cardiac muscle, and glands |
front 35 Erection of the penis or clitoris is the result of ____________ . | back 35 parasympathetic control of arterioles [pg 1026] |
front 36 Control center of the body | back 36 hypothalamus [pg 441] |
front 37 What are splanchnic nerves? | back 37 fibers that enter and leave the sympathetic chain without synapsing from structures. [pg 531] |
front 38 What is the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus? | back 38 maintain the fiber separation established at the chiasma, but they balance and combine the retinal input for delivery to the visual cortex. [pg563] |
front 39 Where are the taste buds found? | back 39 located on the tongue *a few are scattered on the soft palate, inner surface of the cheeks, pharynx, and epiglottis of the larynx, but most are found in papillae [pg 568] |
front 40 What are gustatory receptors? | back 40 taste cells [pg 568] |
front 41 Frequency | back 41 number of sound waves passing a given point in a certain time, measured in Hertz (Hz) |
front 42 Wavelength | back 42 distance between 2 consecutive rests of sound, the shorter the wavelength, the higher the frequency of sound |
front 43 Pitch | back 43 perception of different frequencies |
front 44 Quality | back 44 richness or complexity of sound (music) |
front 45 Amplitude | back 45 the loudness of sound, measured in decibels (dB) |
front 46 Beta 1 Receptors | back 46 [table on 534] *Found predominantly in the heart, but also kidneys and adipose tissue *Increases heart rate and force of contraction; stimulates kidneys to release renin |
front 47 What is malnutrition-induced blindness? | back 47 Trachoma [pg 590] |
front 48 Parasympathetic outflow from the head involves what nerve? | back 48 Vagus Nerve X [pg 528] |
front 49 hyperopia | back 49 farsightedness |
front 50 Differences between somatic and autonomic nervous system | back 50 somatic: activates skeletal muscles autonomic: activates visceral (smooth, cardiac muscles or glands) [C.N.] |
front 51 The secretions of the adrenal medulla are what effects? | back 51 (increase) prolonged fight or flight response: hypertension (decrease) unimportant [table on p 616] |
front 52 Nerve fibers from the medial aspect of each eye __________ . | back 52 cross over to the opposite side at the chiasma. |
front 53 What is involved with equilibrium? | back 53 this sense depends on inputs from the internal ear and vision and information from stretch receptors of muscles and tendons. [p580] |
front 54 Visible light fits between what wave lengths? | back 54 400-700 nm [p553] |
front 55 What is sound localization? | back 55 It requires input from both ears. [p 579] |
front 56 What is suprachiasmatic nucleus? | back 56 the "timer" to set our daily biorhythms [p 564] |
front 57 The chemicals associated with sweet, umami, bitter, sour & salty | back 57 1. Sweet-sugars, saccharin, alcohol, some amino acids, some lead salts 2. Sour-hydrogen ions in solution 3. Salty-metal ion (inorganic salts NaCl) 4. Bitter-alkaloids (N) such as quinine and nicotine: aspirin 5. Umami-amino acids glutamate and aspartate 6. Taste for long chain fatty acids from eating fast foods [C.N.] |
front 58 What are the receptor membranes of gustatory cells? | back 58 gustatory hairs |
front 59 The tarsal plate is connected to what structure? | back 59 orbicularis oculi levator palpebrae superioris [p545] |
front 60 What prevents the eyes from sticking together when closed? | back 60 tarsal glands [p 546] |
front 61 What do autonomic ganglia contain? | back 61 the cell bodies of motor neurons |
front 62 What are alkaloids? | back 62 organic compounds that include drugs such as morphine, quinine and poisons (atropine, strychnine) |
front 63 What are ceruminous glands? | back 63 modified apocrine sweat glands [p 572] |
front 64 What can a parasympathetic preganglionic axon do once it reaches a trunk ganglion? | back 64 synapse [C.N.] |
front 65 The plexus of the Vagus Nerve | back 65 Cervical Plexus [p 499] |
front 66 Causes of conduction deafness | back 66 compacted earwax blocking the external auditory meatus perforated eardrum preventing sound conduction from the eardrum to the ossicles middle ear inflammation (otitis media) [p 584] |
front 67 Raynaud's Disease | back 67 exaggerated vasoconstriction in fingers and toes becoming pale, then cyanotic and painful. [p 539] |
front 68 How do emotions influence autonomic reactions? | back 68 integration in the hypothalamus |
front 69 As sound levels increase in the spiral organ (of Corti), ________. | back 69 outer hair cells stiffen the basilar membrane |
front 70 Some effects of parasympathetic tone | back 70 determines normal activity of the urinary tract |
front 71 Which structure cannot be seen with an ophthalmoscope? | back 71 optic chiasma |
front 72 The cells of the retina where action potentials are generated | back 72 ganglion cells |
front 73 What would damage to the medial rectus affect? | back 73 convergence |
front 74 Effectors directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system | back 74 smooth, cardiac and most glands |
front 75 Parts of the external ear | back 75 Auricle (pinna), Helix (rim), Lobule (earlobe), external auditory meatus, tympanic membrane |
front 76 How do visceral reflex arcs differ from somatic? | back 76 has 2 neurons in its motor component |
front 77 What stimulates olfactory cells and taste buds? | back 77 chemoreceptors respond to chemicals in aqueous solution [C.N.] |
front 78 Characteristics of olfactory receptor cells | back 78 *ciliated *chemoreceptors *short life span of ~60 days |
front 79 What are optic vesicles? | back 79 the formation of eyes at the 4th week of development [p 585] |
front 80 The types of neurons replaced throughout adulthood | back 80 olfactory receptor cells |
front 81 Beta Blockers | back 81 Drugs that attach to B2 receptors to dilate lung bronchioles in asthmatics [C.N.] |
front 82 The cause of motion sickness | back 82 due to sensory input mismatches [p583] |
front 83 When we see the color of an object, what is happening to the light? | back 83 all light is being absorbed by that object except for the color being experienced |
front 84 What does the iris regulate? | back 84 regulates the amount of light passing to the visual receptors of the eye [p 549] |
front 85 Receptors for hearing are located where? | back 85 cochlea |
front 86 What is the macula? | back 86 "spots" sensory receptor organs that monitor the position of the head in space. |
front 87 Meniere's Syndrome **essay** | back 87 *inner ear disease *affecting hearing and balance *affects cochlea and semicircular canals *causes vertigo, nausea, and vomiting *Treatment: no cure, motion sickness meds (Antivert), anti-nausea meds (Prometrizine) |
front 88 Orthostatic Hypotension **essay** | back 88 ortho "straight" stat "standing" *low blood pressure after position change *pressure receptors less responsive to blood pressure change *cardiovascular centers fail to maintain healthy blood pressure *not life threatening *slow position changes gives sympathetic nervous system time to adjust |