front 1 The thymus is most active during _____ ? | back 1 Childhood |
front 2 The Lymphatic capillaries are _______ . | back 2 more permeable than blood capillaries |
front 3 Antibodies that act against a particular foreign substance are released by ___ | back 3 plasma cells |
front 4 Which cells become immunocompetent due to thymic hormones? | back 4 lymphocytes |
front 5 Which of the following is characteristic of antibodies? | back 5 composed of heavy and light polypeptide chains |
front 6 Which of the following is associated with passive immunity? | back 6 passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus |
front 7 B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the _____ ? | back 7 Bone Marrow |
front 8 Which of the following is NOT a type of T Cell? | back 8 antigenic |
front 9 Which of the following is NOT a function of the inflammatory response? | back 9 replaces injured tissue with connective tissue |
front 10 The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by _____ ? | back 10 Vasodialation |
front 11 Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in phagocytosis? | back 11 chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, killing |
front 12 Interferons _______. | back 12 interfere with viral replication within cells |
front 13 Select the correct definition about tissue grafts. | back 13 Isografts are between identical twins |
front 14 Which of the statements below does NOT describe antigens? | back 14 Antigens only come from microbes |
front 15 Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms? | back 15 phagocytes |
front 16 Which of the following is characteristic of complete antigens? | back 16 reactivity with an antibody |
front 17 The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called ____ . | back 17 Chemotaxis |
front 18 John is a 28 year old male who has an elevated white blood cell count after running. The elevated count is most likely due to ..... | back 18 An increased neutrophil count |
front 19 Jane is infected with a parasitic infection. Her _______ count may elevate in response to this infection. | back 19 Eosinophil Count |
front 20 An increase in the number of white blood cells due to an increase in basophils is _______. | back 20 Leukocytosis with a basophilia |
front 21 The cell that produces the granulocytes is a | back 21 Myeloblast |
front 22 The most likely first cellular responder in a primary bacterial infection would be | back 22 Neutrophil |
front 23 An obstruction of the _________ could cause major swelling (edema) in 75% of the body. | back 23 Thoracic Duct |
front 24 The ______ is a primary lymphoid organ. | back 24 Thymus |
front 25 A white blood cell is termed that because it _____ . | back 25 None of the above |
front 26 One function NOT of the lymphatic system is to ________ . | back 26 Carry proteins to the bloodstream after absorption from the gastrointestinal tract |
front 27 The compliment cascade is in the _____________ line of defense, and to get the full effect ________ must be split. | back 27 Second, C3 |
front 28 Macrophages were once | back 28 Monocytes |
front 29 A NK cell is a type of | back 29 Lymphocyte |
front 30 A COX inhibitor is a ____________ and blocks the formation of certain ______ . | back 30 Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), Eicosanoids |
front 31 Once a _____ infected cell produces and secretes interferons - they provide some protection for neighboring cells that receive the interferons against ____ . | back 31 None Of The Above |
front 32 The adaptive immune system | back 32 Is Systemic, Is specific |
front 33 The antibody involved in ABO incompatibility is _____ . | back 33 IgM |
front 34 If an antigen is presented to the T cell or B cell system for the first time (primary response) the defense actions that occur | back 34 Lag time differs between T cell system and B cell system |
front 35 The response of the compliment system | back 35 Can work independent of antibody activation |
front 36 Jane is a 27 year old female who presents complaining of a fever. After performing a history and physical examination, I order lab tests. The First test I would most likely order is a ______ ? | back 36 CBC |
front 37 Importantly regarding a fever - the results of the test in question 36 shows a ______ . | back 37 Leukocytosis |
front 38 I ask for (if not already on the lab test ordered in question 36) a ______. | back 38 Differential Count |
front 39 The results (of my requested lab in question 38) show an elevated _____ count with a shift to the left. | back 39 Neutrophil |
front 40 This finding in question 39 suggests most likely a possible ______ infection. | back 40 Bacterial |
front 41 Betty presents with venereal disease for which the treatment is a penicillin injection. Betty has a reaction to the penicillin within a few minutes. This is an example of a Type _____ hypersensitivity reaction that involves the improper mobilization of _______. | back 41 Type I, IgE |
front 42 Candace unfortunately touches poison ivy. She probably will not see the rash till _____ and the rash is a type _______ hypersensitivity reaction caused by ________ . | back 42 3-4 days, IV, the T-cell system |
front 43 The most active cells that present to a T-helper cell are | back 43 Dendritic cells |
front 44 The best second line of defense for cancer cells is | back 44 NK cells |
front 45 One difference between the B-cell system and the T-cell system is that B-cells produce antibodies which react with _______ antigens and the T-cell system reacts to ______ antigens. | back 45 Extracellular , intracellular |
front 46 Mast cells and basophils can produce | back 46 Histamine |
front 47 _________ decreases the start of inflammation and __________ helps reduce the signs and symptoms of inflammation after it has occurred. | back 47 Cold compress and /or an antihistamine, heat and/or some local vasodilator |
front 48 A partial antigen | back 48 has reactivity |
front 49 The most likely reason a plastic or metal prosthetic device does not generally activate the immune system is | back 49 the antigenic determinants are so uniform (little diversity) |
front 50 The T-cell receptor and the Cell Determinant 4 (CD4) surface markers are | back 50 Different surface markers on the T-helper cell |
front 51 What is the average normal pH range of blood? | back 51 7.35 - 7.45 |
front 52 Which of the choices below is the parent cell for all formed elements of blood? | back 52 pluripotent stem cell (hemocytoblast) |
front 53 Which of the following might trigger erythropoiesis? | back 53 hypoxia of EPO-producing cells |
front 54 When neither anti-A sera nor anti-B sera clot on a blood plate with donor blood, the blood is type ____ ? | back 54 Type O |
front 55 Which of the following is NOT a phase of hemostasis? | back 55 Fibrinolysis |
front 56 A lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin B12 and large pale cells called macrocytes, is characteristic of _______ . | back 56 Pernicious Anemia |
front 57 James has a hemoglobin measurement of 16g/100 ml blood. This is ____ | back 57 within normal range |
front 58 Which of the events below does NOT occur when the semilunar valves are open? | back 58 Ventricles are in diastole |
front 59 The left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to ______ . | back 59 pump blood with greater pressure |
front 60 Hemorrhage with a large loss of blood causes ______ . | back 60 A lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output |
front 61 Small muscle masses attached to the chordae tendineae are the | back 61 Papillary muscles |
front 62 The source of blood carried to capillaries in the myocardium would be the | back 62 Coronary arteries |
front 63 The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the _____ . | back 63 muscular arteries |
front 64 Aldosterone will ______ . | back 64 promote an increase in blood pressure |
front 65 Which of the following is a type of circulatory shock? | back 65 Vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone |
front 66 Which of the choices below does NOT involve tissue perfusion? | back 66 Blood Clotting |
front 67 The arteries that directly feed into the capillary beds are called _____ . | back 67 Arterioles |
front 68 Factors that aid venous return include all EXCEPT _______ . | back 68 urinary output |
front 69 Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure. | back 69 Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase |
front 70 The velocity of blood flow is ______ | back 70 slowest in the capillaries because the total cross - sectional area is the greatest |
front 71 The Partial Thromboplastin Time measures _____ | back 71 the intrinsic pathway |
front 72 Serum is plasma ____ | back 72 minus the clotting factors |
front 73 Factor XII is found in the | back 73 Intrinsic pathway |
front 74 Heparin _____ | back 74 prevents new clots |
front 75 The hearts point of maximum impulse is generally found ____ | back 75 at the 5th intercostal space and midclavicular line |
front 76 An example of a negative inotropic agent is _____ | back 76 calcium channel blocker |
front 77 The cardiac inhibitory center primarily functions using the | back 77 parasympathetic nervous system |
front 78 The QRS complex on an EKG tracing represents _____ | back 78 Ventricular Depolarization |
front 79 Aerobic Exercise is known to ______ | back 79 Increase the HDL level |
front 80 LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein) | back 80 Primarily carries Cholesterol away from the liver |
front 81 The vasoconstrictor center functions primarily through the | back 81 sympathetic nervous system |
front 82 One compensatory mechanism for gram negative shock is | back 82 Increased heart rate |
front 83 The T wave on an EKG tracing represents | back 83 Ventricular repolarization |
front 84 The First heart sound is in part due to: | back 84 closure of the mitral valve |
front 85 The splitting of the second heart sound decreases when: | back 85 Breathing Out (exhalation) |
front 86 If the left lateral surface of the left ventricle became ischemic there would be some degree of blockage in the : | back 86 anterior interventricular artery |
front 87 Plasminogen must be converted to _________ to cleave __________ | back 87 Plasmin; fibrin |
front 88 Starlings Law of the Heart states that _______ | back 88 Heart muscle will contract harder when you stretch it to certain extent |
front 89 The pericardial cavity is surrounded by _______ | back 89 serous membrane |
front 90 A positive inotropic drug is ____ | back 90 Digitalis |
front 91 Which of the choices below is NOT a functional process performed by the respiratory system? | back 91 transport of respiratory gases |
front 92 The loudness of a person's voice depends on the | back 92 force with which air rushed across the vocal folds |
front 93 The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, Type I and Type II. The function of Type II is to _______ | back 93 secrete surfactantf |
front 94 Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ______ | back 94 greater than the pressure in the atmosphere |
front 95 Unlike inspiration, expiration is a passive act because no muscular contractions are involved. Expiration, however, depends on two factors. Which of the choices below lists those two factors? | back 95 the recoil of elastic fivers that were stretched during inspiration and the inward pull of surface tension due to the film of alveolar fluid |
front 96 Which of the following maintains the potency (openness) of the trachea? | back 96 cartilage rings |
front 97 Intrapulmonary pressure is the ______ | back 97 pressure within the alveoli of the lungs |
front 98 The relationship between the pressure and volume of gases is given by ___? | back 98 Boyles Law |
front 99 The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases ______. | back 99 Daltons Law |
front 100 Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________ | back 100 interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid |
front 101 For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory membrane must be ____? | back 101 0.5 - 1 micrometer thick |
front 102 With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a _____? | back 102 decrease in pH(acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond |
front 103 The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ? | back 103 increase in carbon doxide |
front 104 Nerve impulses from ________ will result in inspiration. | back 104 the ventral respiratory group |
front 105 In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is _______ . | back 105 only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in dissolved form |
front 106 Which of the following statements is incorrect? | back 106 Respiratory rate is lowest in newborn infants |
front 107 Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs? | back 107 the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid |
front 108 Which of the following does NOT influence the increase in ventilation that occurs as exercise is initiated? | back 108 decrease in lactic acid levels |
front 109 Which of the following is not a form of lung cancer? | back 109 Kaposi's Sarcoma |
front 110 Which of the following is NOT an event necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of Co2? | back 110 blood pH adjustment |
front 111 Which of the following is NOT true of the respiratory tract from the medium bronchi to the alveoli? | back 111 resistance to air flow increases due to the increase in cross-sectional diameter |
front 112 Which of the following determines lung compliance? | back 112 alveolar surface tension |
front 113 Tidal Volume in air ______ | back 113 exchange during normal breathing |
front 114 Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement? | back 114 partial pressure gradient |
front 115 possible causes of hypoxia include ______ . | back 115 too little oxygen in the atmosphere |
front 116 The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the? | back 116 vital capacity |
front 117 Because the lungs are filled with fluid during fetal life, which of the following statements is true regarding respiratory exchange? | back 117 Respiratory exchanges are made through the placenta |
front 118 Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing? | back 118 rising blood pressure |
front 119 Respiratory control centers are located in the _________. | back 119 medulla and pons |
front 120 The amount of air that can be inspired about the tidal volume is called _____ | back 120 inspiratory reserve |
front 121 Which statement about Co2 is incorrect? | back 121 More Co2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs |
front 122 Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by | back 122 diffusion |
front 123 Select the correct statement about the pharynx | back 123 the auditory tube drains into the nasopharynx |
front 124 The larynx contains _____ . | back 124 the thyroid cartilage |
front 125 Which respiratory associated muscles would contract if you were to blow up a ballon? | back 125 internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract |
front 126 How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood? | back 126 as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red blood cells |
front 127 Which of the following is not found on the right lobe of the lung? | back 127 cardiac notch |
front 128 Which of the choices below in not a role of the pleura? | back 128 aids in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits between the lungs |
front 129 Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include _____ | back 129 voluntary cortical control |
front 130 Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange? | back 130 Alveoli |
front 131 The respiratory membrane is a combination of _______ | back 131 alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes |
front 132 Gas emboli may occur because a | back 132 diver holds his breath upon ascent |
front 133 Inspiratory capacity is | back 133 the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration |
front 134 Which center is located in the pons? | back 134 pontine respirator group (PRG) |
front 135 The nose serves all the following functions except _______. | back 135 as the initiator of the cough reflex |
front 136 A premature baby usually has difficulty breathing. However, the respiratory system is developed enough for survival by _____ | back 136 28 weeks |
front 137 Which of the following statements is true regarding the respiratory rate of a newborn? | back 137 The respiratory rate of a newborn is, at its highest rate, approximately 40-80 respirations per minute |
front 138 Select the correct statement about the neural mechanisms of respiratory control. | back 138 The pons is thought to be instrumental in the smooth transition from inspiration to expiration |
front 139 Which of the choices below is NOT a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin? | back 139 number of red blood cells |
front 140 The factors responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall are ___. | back 140 surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity |
front 141 The erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the _____ . | back 141 concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes |
front 142 Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the | back 142 ciliated mucous lining in the nose |
front 143 Which of the following is not possible? | back 143 Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance |
front 144 Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation. | back 144 As alveolar surface tension increases additional muscle action will be required |
front 145 Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood: | back 145 A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal |
front 146 Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation? | back 146 emphysema |
front 147 The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the _______ | back 147 loop of Henle |
front 148 Urine passes through the _________ | back 148 pelvis of the kidney to ureter to bladder to urethra |
front 149 Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle? | back 149 A Vasa Recta |
front 150 An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to an _______ | back 150 increase in the production of ADH |
front 151 The urinary bladder is composed of __________ epithelium | back 151 Transitional |
front 152 The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin _______ | back 152 by a decrease in the blood pressure. |
front 153 Which of the choices below is not a function of the urinary system? | back 153 eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts and heat |
front 154 Which gland sits atop each kidney? | back 154 Adrenal |
front 155 The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney. | back 155 Arcuate |
front 156 The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it ______ | back 156 is drained by an efferent arteriole |
front 157 The defending limb of the loop of Henle _______ | back 157 contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla. |
front 158 Select the correct statement about the ureters | back 158 the ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract |
front 159 The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it ______ | back 159 stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position |
front 160 The renal corpuscle is made up of _________ | back 160 Bowman's Capsule and Glomerulus |
front 161 The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the | back 161 Nephron |
front 162 The Juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for | back 162 regulating the rate of filtrate formation and controlling systemic blood pressure |
front 163 The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is | back 163 glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure) |
front 164 Which of the following statements describes the histology of the ureters? | back 164 They are tri-layered (mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia) |
front 165 Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement? | back 165 The male urethra serves both the urinary and reproductive systems at the same time. |
front 166 Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)? | back 166 the stretching of the bladder wall |
front 167 The filtration membrane includes all except ________ | back 167 renal fascia |
front 168 The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is ______ | back 168 osmosis |
front 169 Most electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules is _________ | back 169 hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments |
front 170 The macula densa cells respond to _________. | back 170 changes in solute content of the filtrate |
front 171 Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule? | back 171 Creatinine |
front 172 The fluid in the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule is similar to plasma except that is does not contain a significant amount of ________. | back 172 Plasma Protein |
front 173 Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it _______. | back 173 inhibits the release of ADH |
front 174 The function of angiotensin II is to ________. | back 174 constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure |
front 175 A disease caused by inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the pituitary gland with symptoms of polyuria is _________. | back 175 Diabetes Insipidus |
front 176 An important characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density, which is ____. | back 176 1.001-1.035 |
front 177 Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body. | back 177 3. Nephron 6.collecting duct 2.minor calyx 1.major calyx 5. ureter 4. urethra |
front 178 Select the correct statement about the nephrons. | back 178 The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium |
front 179 What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal? | back 179 Net filtration would decrease. |
front 180 Which of the following is not a part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus? | back 180 podocyte cells |
front 181 Tubular reabsorption _________ | back 181 by active mechanisms usually involves movement against an electrical and or chemical gradient |
front 182 Which of the following is not a reason why substances are either not reabsorbed or are incompletely reabsorbed from the nephron? | back 182 They are extremely complex molecules |
front 183 Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by | back 183 secondary active transport |
front 184 Which of the choices below is a function of the loop of Henle? | back 184 form a large volume of very dilute urine or a small volume of very concentrated urine |
front 185 Fetal kidneys don not have to work very hard because _________. | back 185 the placenta allows the mother's urinary system to clear the waste from fetal blood. |
front 186 Which of the following best describes kidney function in older adults (70 years or older)? | back 186 Kidney function decreases due to kidney atrophy |
front 187 The factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is the ________ | back 187 glomerular hydrostatic pressure |
front 188 If the Tm for a particular amino acid is 120mg/100ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230mg/100 ml, the amino acid will _____ | back 188 appear in the urine |
front 189 If one says that the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does that mean? | back 189 Normally all the glucose is reabsorbed |
front 190 Excretion of dilute urine requires _________ | back 190 impermeability of the collecting tubule to water |
front 191 Which of the choices below is not a method by which the cells of the renal tubules can raise blood pH? | back 191 by secreting sodium ions |
front 192 In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle the _________ | back 192 thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorption |
front 193 Select the correct statement about urinary system development. | back 193 Kidneys develop from urogenital ridges |
front 194 Which of the choices below does not describe the importance of tubular secretion? | back 194 ridding the body of bicarbonate ions |
front 195 Which statement is correct ? | back 195 Reabsorption of water is hormonally controlled |
front 196 What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus? | back 196 help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidneys |
front 197 Which of the choices below is the salt-level-monitoring part of the nephron? | back 197 Macula densa |
front 198 Which of the hormones below is responsible for facultative water reabsorption? | back 198 ADH |
front 199 Which of the choices below is not a glomerular filtration rate control method? | back 199 electrolyte levels |
front 200 Which of the choices below are the most important hormone regulators of electrolyte reabsorption and secretion? | back 200 angiotensin II and aldosterone |
front 201 Which cells of the kidney are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in solute content of the filtrate? | back 201 Macula densa cells |