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Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton

front 1

The appendicular skeleton consist of

back 1

126 bones

  • The pectoral (shoulder) girdle
  • Upper extremities
  • Pelvic (hip) girdle
  • Lower extremities

front 2

The pectoral (shoulder) girdle

back 2

Attach the bones of the upper extremities to the axial skeleton

front 3

Clavicle and scapula

back 3

Comprises each of the two pectoral girdles; form a framework that allows the shoulder joint to be freely movable with great range of motion

front 4

The most frequently broken bone in the body is the

back 4

Clavicle

front 5

A fractured clavicle is common because

back 5

This bone transmits forces from the upper extremity to the trunk

front 6

The scapulae articulates with other bones arteriorly, but are held in place

back 6

Posteriorly only by complex shoulder and back musculature

front 7

Upper limb (extremity) contains

back 7

30 bones (60 total)

  • Humerus
  • Ulna
  • Radius
  • Carpal (8)
  • Metacarpals (5)
  • Phalanges (14)

front 8

The longest & largest bone in the upper extremity; the region where it is located is referred to anatomically as the arm

back 8

Humerus

front 9

The most frequently dislocated bone in the body

back 9

Head of the humerus

front 10

Ulna and radius

back 10

Lie parallel to one another

Ulna on pinky side; radius on thumb side

front 11

Carpal bones

back 11

Bound together by ligaments, comprise the wrist

Medial to lateral:

front 12

Metacarpals bone

back 12

Contained in the palm of each hand

Medial to lateral:

front 13

Phalanges

back 13

Three in each finger & two in each thumb

front 14

The pelvic (hip) girdle consists

back 14

Two hipbones (coxal bones) & provides a strong and stable support for the lower extremities, on which the weight of the body is carried

front 15

Each hipbone (coxal bone) is composed of three separate bones at birth

back 15

  • Illium
  • Pubis
  • Ischium

front 16

Illium, pubis, and ischium eventually fuse at a depression and forms the socket for the hip joint

back 16

Acetabulum

front 17

Together with the sacrum and coccyx, the two hipbones (coxal bones) form

back 17

The pelvis

front 18

The greater (false) and the lesser (true) pelvis are

back 18

Anatomical subdivisions of the basin-like structure

front 19

Pelvimetry

back 19

Measurement of the dimensions of the divisions of the pelvic cavity, particularly those of the lesser (true) pelvis of the female (labor and delivery)

front 20

The lower extremities are composed of

back 20

60 bones (30 in each)

front 21

The femur

back 21

  • Thighbone
  • Longest and heaviest bone in the body
  • Just distal to the pelvic girdle
  • Large and obvious markings represent points of attachment of many large thigh muscles

front 22

The patella

back 22

  • Kneecap
  • Sesamoid bone
  • Lies anterior to the knee joint
  • Increases the leverage of the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle
  • Maintains the position of the tendon when the knee is flexed

front 23

The tibia

back 23

  • Shinbone
  • Parallel with the fibula
  • Larger, medial, and bears the major portion of the weight of the leg to the fibula

front 24

The fibula

back 24

  • Parallel bone with the tibia
  • Smaller, lateral, compared to tibia

front 25

Seven tarsals bones constitute

back 25

The ankle and share the weight associated with walking

front 26

Five metatarsal bones

back 26

Contained in the foot

front 27

The arrangement of phalanges in the toes is the same as that described for

back 27

The fingers and thumb--14 bones in each foot/hand

front 28

The bones of the foot are arranged in two non-rigid arches that enable the foot to

back 28

  • Support the weight of the body
  • Provide and ideal distribution of body weight over the hard and soft tissues of the foot
  • Provide leverage while walking

front 29

Flatfoot and clawfoot

back 29

Caused by decline or elevation, respectively of the medial longitudinal arches

front 30

Bunion

back 30

Deformity of the great toe

front 31

Male bones are generally larger and heavier then

back 31

Female

front 32

Male joint surfaces tend to be larger than

back 32

Female

front 33

Muscle attachment points are more well defined in males than

back 33

Females

front 34

A number of anatomical differences exist between the pelvic girdles of females and those of males, primarily related to

back 34

The need for a larger pelvic outlet in females to facilitate childbirth