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Chapters 2 and 3

front 1 Once labor begins in childbirth, contractions increase in intensity and frequency until delivery. The increasing labor contractions of childbirth are an example of which type of regulation?	back 1 positive feedback
front 2 In comparing covalent bonds and ionic bonds, which of the following would you expect?	back 2 Covalent bonds and ionic bonds occupy opposite ends of a continuous spectrum, from nearly equal to completely unequal sharing of electrons
front 3 What is the maximum number of hydrogen atoms that can be covalently bonded in a molecule containing two carbon atoms?	back 3 6
front 4 Which statement is true of all atoms that are anions?	back 4 The atom has more electrons than protons.

front 5 When two atoms are equally electronegative, they will interact to form	back 5 nonpolar covalent bonds
front 6 In what way are elements in the same column of the periodic table the same?	back 6 They have the same number of electrons in their valence shell.
front 7 A water sample from a hot thermal vent contained a single-celled organism that had a cell wall but lacked a nucleus. What is its most likely classification?	back 7 Archaea
front 8 What results from an unequal sharing of electrons between atoms?	back 8 a polar covalent bond

front 9 What is the difference between covalent bonds and ionic bonds?	back 9 Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms; ionic bonds involve the electrical attraction between atoms.
front 10 A covalent bond is likely to be polar when	back 10 one of the atoms sharing electrons is much more electronegative than the other atom.
front 11 In a single molecule of water, two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom by	back 11 polar covalent bonds.
front 12 Why does ice float in liquid water?	back 12 Hydrogen bonds stabilize and keep the molecules of ice farther apart than the water molecules of liquid water.

front 13 Based on your knowledge of the polarity of water molecules, the solute molecule depicted here is most likely	back 13 positively charged.
front 14 Which of the following is a hydrophobic material?	back 14 wax
front 15 Water molecules are able to form hydrogen bonds with	back 15 compounds that have polar covalent bonds.
front 16 Which of the following solutions would require the greatest amount of base to be added to bring the solution to neutral pH?	back 16 gastric juice at pH 2

front 17 Increased atmospheric CO₂ concentrations might have what effect on seawater?	back 17 Seawater will become more acidic, and carbonate concentrations will decrease.
front 18 The bonds that are broken when water vaporizes are	back 18 hydrogen bonds between water molecules.
front 19 The partial negative charge in a molecule of water occurs because	back 19 the electrons shared between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms spend more time around the oxygen atom nucleus than around the hydrogen atom nucleus.
front 20 Sulfur is in the same column of the periodic table as oxygen, but has electronegativity similar to carbon. Compared to water molecules, molecules of H₂S	back 20 will not form hydrogen bonds with each other.

front 21 A covalent chemical bond is one in which	back 21 outer-shell electrons of two atoms are shared so as to satisfactorily fill the outer electron shells of both atoms.
front 22 Which of the following would be regarded as compounds?	back 22 H₂O and CH₄, but not O₂
front 23 The atomic number of nitrogen is 7. Nitrogen-15 is heavier than nitrogen-14 because the atomic nucleus of nitrogen-15 contains how many neutrons?	back 23 8
front 24 Protists and bacteria are grouped into different domains because	back 24 protists have a membrane-bounded nucleus, which bacterial cells lack.

front 25 Which bond or interaction would be difficult to disrupt when compounds are put into water?	back 25 covalent bond
front 26 One difference between carbon-12 () is that carbon-14 () has	back 26 two more neutrons than carbon-12
front 27 The main source of energy for producers in an ecosystem is	back 27 Light
front 28 A 0.01 M solution of a substance has a pH of 2. What can you conclude about this substance?	back 28 It is a strong acid that ionizes completely in water

front 29 You have two beakers. One contains a solution of HCl at pH = 1.0. The other contains a solution of NaOH at pH = 13. Into a third beaker, you slowly and cautiously pour 20 mL of the HCl and 20 mL of the NaOH. After complete stirring, the pH of the mixture will be	back 29 7.0
front 30 Which of the following takes place as an ice cube cools a drink?	back 30 Kinetic energy in the drink decreases
front 31 Why does evaporation of water from a surface cause cooling of the surface?	back 31 The water molecules with the most heat energy evaporate more readily.
front 32 Temperature usually increases when water condenses. Which behavior of water is most directly responsible for this phenomenon?	back 32 the release of heat by the formation of hydrogen bonds

front 33 Which type of bond must be broken for water to vaporize?	back 33 hydrogen bonds
front 34 Liquid water's high specific heat is mainly a consequence of the	back 34 absorption and release of heat when hydrogen bonds break and form.
front 35 In what way are elements in the same column of the periodic table the same?	back 35 They have the same number of electrons in their valence shell.
front 36 Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains?	back 36 Bacteria and Archaea

front 37 In the term trace element, the modifier trace means that	back 37 the element is required in very small amounts.
front 38 Why is each element unique and different from other elements in chemical properties?	back 38 Each element has a unique number of protons in its nucleus.
front 39 About 25 of the 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life. Which four of these 25 elements make up approximately 96% of living matter?	back 39 carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen
front 40 Which of the following is not considered to be a weak molecular interaction?	back 40 a covalent bond

front 41 Compared with ³¹P, the radioactive isotope ³²P has	back 41 one more neutron.
front 42 Which of the following effects is produced by the high surface tension of water?	back 42 A water strider can walk across the surface of a small pond.
front 43 Which of the following is a hydrophobic material?	back 43 wax
front 44 The slight negative charge at one end of one water molecule is attracted to the slight positive charge of another water molecule. What is this attraction called?	back 44 a hydrogen bond

front 45 Which of the following are qualities of any good scientific hypothesis? I. It is testable. II. It is falsifiable. III. It produces quantitative data. IV. It produces results that can be replicated.	back 45 I and II
front 46 Which of the following explains most specifically the attraction of water molecules to one another?	back 46 hydrogen bond
front 47 Nitrogen (N) is much more electronegative than hydrogen (H). Which of the following statements is correct about the atoms in ammonia (NH₃)?	back 47 Each hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge; the nitrogen atom has a partial negative charge.
front 48 Which of these individuals is likely to be most successful in an evolutionary sense?	back 48 an organism that dies after five days of life but leaves 10 offspring, all of whom survive to reproduce

front 49 Hydrophobic substances such as vegetable oil are	back 49 nonpolar substances that repel water molecules.
front 50 When the body's blood glucose level rises, the pancreas secretes insulin and, as a result, the blood glucose level declines. When the blood glucose level is low, the pancreas secretes glucagon and, as a result, the blood glucose level rises. Such regulation of the blood glucose level is the result of	back 50 negative feedback.