front 1 Rest & Digest division of ANS | back 1 Parasympathetic |
front 2 Parasympathetic fibers of what nerve accommodate close vision? | back 2 Oculomotor (III) |
front 3 Info from balance receptors goes where? | back 3 Brain stem reflex centers |
front 4 Why are sympathetic responses generally system wide? | back 4 NE and epinephrine are secreted into the blood as part of the sympathetic response |
front 5 What sympathetic fibers form a splanchnic nerve? | back 5 Those that pass through the trunk ganglion to synapse in collateral or prevertebral ganglia |
front 6 Where would you find cholinergic nicotinic receptors? | back 6 Skeletal muscle, adrenal and medulla |
front 7 Conscious perception of vision is associated with which lobe? | back 7 Occipital lobe |
front 8 Why can corneas be transplanted without tissue rejection? | back 8 The cornea has no blood supply |
front 9 What are otoliths? | back 9 Each of three small oval calcareous bodies in the inner ear of vertebrates, involved in sensing gravity and movement. An essential part of the maculae involved in static equilibrium |
front 10 What is the function of the reticular formation? | back 10 Regulates states of consciousness and arousal |
front 11 The parasympathetic ganglion which serves the eye? | back 11 Ciliary ganglion |
front 12 Sympathetic nerves leave the spinal cord at what level? | back 12 First thoracic |
front 13 What is automatic dysreflexia? | back 13 Uncontrolled activation of autonomic neurons |
front 14 What is the primary visual cortex? | back 14 Conscious perception of visual images (seeing) occurs. |
front 15 Action of the inferior oblique | back 15 Turns eye upwards and laterally |
front 16 What is striate cortex? | back 16 Also called primary visual cortex, provides form, color, and motion inputs to visual association areas collectively called the prestriate cortices |
front 17 What does the tenth cranial nerve innervate? | back 17 Liver, gallbladder, stomach, small intestine, kidneys, pancreas, and the proximal half of the large intestine |
front 18 The oval window is connected to which passageway? | back 18 Scala vestibuli |
front 19 The only special sense not fully functional at birth? | back 19 Vision |
front 20 Cardiovascular effects of the sympathetic division | back 20 Constriction of most blood vessels, dilation of vessels serving skeletal muscle, increase of heart rate and force |
front 21 Stimulation of sympathetic division causes | back 21 Increased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure |
front 22 Function of rods in the eye | back 22 Dim light and peripheral vision |
front 23 What is olfaction and what does it involve? | back 23 Olfaction: sense of smell Involves chemoreceptors Best stimulated by chemicals dissolved in liquid |
front 24 What happens in dark adaptation? | back 24 Involves accumulation of rhodopsin |
front 25 In the retina, the axons of which neuron layer form the optic nerves? | back 25 Ganglion cells |
front 26 Visual processing in the thalamus contributes to what factors? | back 26 Depth perception, high-acuity vision, movement perception |
front 27 The "fight or flight" is from which division? | back 27 Sympathetic |
front 28 Photoreceptors ________________________. | back 28 Package visual pigment in membrane-bound discs, which increases the
efficiency of |
front 29 Where is the blind spot of the eye? | back 29 Optic disc |
front 30 Where would you find autonomic ganglia? | back 30 Head, cervical region, close to the effectors they serve |
front 31 The order that light passes through the eye | back 31 Vitreous chamber, layer containing axons of ganglion cells, layer of ganglionic cells, layer of bipolar cells, layer containing cell bodies of rods and cones, layer containing the outer segments of rods and cones embedded in the pigment layer |
front 32 What is the bone pillar located in the center of the cochlea? | back 32 Modiolus |
front 33 What is the ANS? | back 33 General visceral motor system |
front 34 Erection of the penis or clitoris is the result of what? | back 34 Primarily parasympathetic control |
front 35 Control center of the body | back 35 Hypothalamus |
front 36 What are splanchnic nerves? | back 36 Most of the preganglionic fibers from T5 down synapse in collateral ganglia, and so most of these fibers enter and leave the sympathetic trunks without synapsing. They form several nerves called splanchnic nerves |
front 37 What is the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus? | back 37 A relay center in the thalamus for the visual pathway. It receives a major sensory input from the retina. The LGN is the main central connection for the optic nerve to the occipital lobe. |
front 38 Most of the body's sensory receptors are found where? | back 38 Eyes |
front 39 Where are taste buds found? | back 39 Fungiform, foliate, vallate papillae |
front 40 What are gustatory receptors? | back 40 Gustatory epithelial cells - taste cells |
front 41 Different parts of sound | back 41 Sound: pressure disturbance Frequency: the number of waves that pass a given point in a given time Wavelength: distance between two crests Pitch: different sound frequencies Quality: a mixture of several frequencies Amplitude: sound's intensity Decibels: loudness measured in logarithmic units Loudness: subjective interpretation of sound's intensity |
front 42 Beta 1 Receptors | back 42 Located in the heart, increase cardiac activity |
front 43 What is malnutrition-induced blindness? | back 43 Prolonged Vitamin A deficiency |
front 44 Parasympathetic outflow from the head involves what nerve? | back 44 Vagus nerve |
front 45 What is hyperopia? | back 45 A condition in which visual images are routinely focused behind rather than on the retina - commonly known as farsightedness |
front 46 Differences between somatic & autonomic nervous systems? | back 46 Their effectors & their efferent pathways |
front 47 Secretions of the adrenal medulla are what effects? | back 47 Supplement the effects of sympathetic stimulation |
front 48 Where do nerve fibers from the medial eye go? | back 48 Cross over to the opposite side at the chiasma |
front 49 What is involved with dark adaptation? | back 49 Cones do not function (visual acuity decreases) and rod function resumes when sufficient rhodopsin accumulates |
front 50 What is involved with equilibrium? | back 50 Vestibular nuclei receive impulses from the equilibrium apparatus of the inner ear and help to maintain balance by varying muscle tone of postural muscles |
front 51 Visible light can fit between which wavelengths? | back 51 UV and infrared |
front 52 What is sound localization? | back 52 Requires input from both ears, uses time differences between sound reaching the two ears - difficult to discriminate sound sources in the midline |
front 53 What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus? | back 53 Serves to synchronize body rhythms with natural light and dark |
front 54 What are the receptor membranes of gustatory cells? | back 54 Gustatory hairs |
front 55 What prevents the eye from sticking together when closed? | back 55 Tarsal gland secretions |
front 56 What do autonomic ganglia contain? | back 56 Cell bodies of motor neurons |
front 57 Most parasympathetic fibers arise from which nerve? | back 57 Vagus nerve (CN X) |
front 58 What are alkaloids? | back 58
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front 59 What are ceruminous glands? | back 59 Modified apocrine sweat glands |
front 60 What can a parasympathetic preganglionic axon do once it reaches a trunk ganglion? | back 60 Synapase with a ganglionic neuron in the same trunk ganglion, ascend or descend the trunk to synapse in another trunk ganglion, pass through the trunk ganglion without synapsing with another neuron |
front 61 Vagus nerve plexus | back 61 Cardiac, pulmonary, esophageal |
front 62 What causes conduction deafness? | back 62 Impacted cerumen, middle ear infection, otosclerosis |
front 63 Raynaud's Disease | back 63 Characterized by exaggerated vasoconstriction in the extremities |
front 64 How do emotions influence autonomic reactions? | back 64 Primarily through integration in the hypothalamus |
front 65 What happens to outer hair cells as sound increases in the spinal organ of Corti? | back 65 Outer hair cells stiffen the basilar membrane |
front 66 Effects of parasympathetic tone | back 66 GI and UT activity, lowers heart rate |
front 67 Chemicals associated with sweet, umami, bitter, sour & salty | back 67 Sweet: Sugars, saccharin, alcohol, lead salt Umami: glutamate and aspartate Bitter: alkaloids such as quinine, nicotine, caffeine Sour: Acids, hydrogen ions Salty: metal ions (inorganic salts) |
front 68 Meniere's Syndrome | back 68
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front 69 Which structure cannot be seen with an ophthalmoscope? | back 69 Optic chiasma |
front 70 Where are action potentials generated within the retina? | back 70 Ganglion cells |
front 71 What would damage to the medial rectus affect? | back 71 Convergence |
front 72 What effectors are directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system? | back 72 Smooth, cardiac, most glands |
front 73 Parts of external ear | back 73 Pinna, external auditory meatus, tympanic membrane |
front 74 How do visceral reflex arcs differ from somatic? | back 74 Visceral arcs involve two motor neurons |
front 75 What stimulates olfactory and taste buds? | back 75 Substances in solution |
front 76 Characteristics of olfactory receptor cells | back 76 They are ciliated chemoreceptors with a short lifespan of about 60 days |
front 77 What are optic vesicles? | back 77 First vestiges of eyes in the embryo |
front 78 What type of neurons are replaced throughout adulthood? | back 78 Olfactory receptor cells |
front 79 What are beta blockers? | back 79 Drugs that attach to beta receptors to dilate lung bronchioles. Decrease heart rate and blood pressure |
front 80 What causes motion sickness? | back 80 Results from mismatch between visual and vestibular inputs |
front 81 When we see the color of an object, what is happening to the light? | back 81 All light is being absorbed by that object except the light being experienced |
front 82 What does the iris regulate? | back 82 Amount of light passing to visual receptors of eye |
front 83 Where are receptors for hearing located? | back 83 Cochlea |
front 84 The tarsal plate is connected to which structure? | back 84 Levator palpebrae |
front 85 What is the macula? | back 85 Receptor for static equilibrium |
front 86 ESSAY QUESTION: Meniere's Syndrome | back 86
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front 87 ESSAY QUESTION: Orthostatic Hypotension | back 87
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