front 1 What are the end products of metabolism? | back 1 CO2 Nitrogenous waste Water |
front 2 What are Nitrogenous wastes | back 2 The end products of protein, creatinine, phosphate and nucleic acid metabolism |
front 3 Nitrogenous waste includes the following | back 3 Urea Creatinine Uric acid |
front 4 What is Urea and how is it produced? | back 4 Most abundant organic waste Produced from breakdown of aa. Deamination leads to ammonia production. Ammonia is v. toxic and converted to urea which is less toxic by the liver |
front 5 How is creatinine generated? | back 5 by skeletal muscle through the breakdown of creatinine phosphate for energy |
front 6 How is Uric acid generated? | back 6 It is derived from the nitrogenous bases of RNA molecles |
front 7 What materials are excreted through the urinary system | back 7 End products of metabolism (CO2, Nitrogenous wastes and water) and ANY substance which is in excess of body needs |
front 8 Why does excretion play a major role in homeostasis? | back 8 It maintains the proper concentration for body fluids |
front 9 What does the urinary system do? | back 9 Responsible for bulk of all other excretion except for CO2 |
front 10 What organs make up the urinary system | back 10 Kidneys Ureters Bladder Urethra |
front 11 Where is urine formed | back 11 The Kidneys |
front 12 What do the ureters do? | back 12 Muscular tubes that transport urine |
front 13 What does the bladder do? | back 13 Stores urine |
front 14 Why is the bladder able to stretch? | back 14 Transitional epithelium |
front 15 What does the urethra do? | back 15 Muscular tube, transports urine from bladder to outside |
front 16 What are the functions of the kidney (6) | back 16 Regulate composition and volume of blood directly, other body fluids indirectly Excrete waste from blood Regulate urethral pyosis by releasing urethra pyotin Aid in regulating pH Regulate blood pressure by releasing renin which activates the angeotensin system Assist liver w/ detoxification, deamination and glyconeogenis |
front 17 What is the external anatomy of the kidney | back 17 Large bean shape w/ hilus (indentation) where ureters exit Made up of 3 layers of tissue |
front 18 What are the 3 layers of kidney tissue? | back 18 Renal capsule Adipose capsule Renal fascia |
front 19 What is the renal capsule and what does it do? | back 19 Innermost layer of the kidney Protects against infection and kidney |
front 20 What is the adipose capsule and what does it do? | back 20 Middle layer Consists of fatty tissue Cushions against shock an anchors kiney |
front 21 What is the Renal fascia and what does it do? | back 21 Outter layer Consists of thin connective tissue Anchors kidney to body wall and also surrounds adrenal gland |
front 22 What 2 layers make up the inside of the kidney? | back 22 Medulla Cortex |
front 23 What is the medulla? | back 23 Innermost layer of kidney, made up of 5-14 pyramids |
front 24 What is the renal papillae? | back 24 Broad base of pyramid that faces out |
front 25 Where is your loop of Henle found? | back 25 Medulla |
front 26 What is the cortex? | back 26 Outter layer of the internal kidney, most nephrons are found here |
front 27 What areas go from the pyramids to the ureter? | back 27 Pyramid -> minor calyx -> major calyx -> renal pelvis -> ureter |
front 28 What is the functional unit of the kidney and what does it do? | back 28 Nephron, site of urine formation |
front 29 Name the parts of a nephron | back 29 Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Distal convoluted tubule Collecting ducts |
front 30 What do the glomerular capsules do? | back 30 Filter |
front 31 Name the 2 layers of the glomerular capsule and their epithelial type | back 31 Outter - perietal cup - squamous epithelium Inner - visceral layer - podocytes |
front 32 What are podocytes? | back 32 Special epithelial cells with filtration slits to filter plasma |
front 33 What lines the proximal convoluted tubule? | back 33 Microvilli |
front 34 What part of the nephron is heavily surrounded by capillaries? | back 34 Distal convoluted tubule |
front 35 There is one duct for each nephron T of F | back 35 F Several nephrons will empty in to 1 duct |
front 36 What are the 2 types of nephrons? | back 36 Cortical Juxtamedullary |
front 37 Describe a cortical nephron | back 37 Glomerular lie in the outter region of cortex No loop of Henle Don't dip into medullary area Make up about 85% of nephrons |
front 38 Describe a juxtamedullary nephron | back 38 Glomerular lie in cortex close to pyramid Have loop of Henle which penetrates deep into pyramid Major role is water balance (osmotic gradient) |
front 39 Describe the vascular pathway in the kidney | back 39 Renal artery -> segmental arteries -> lobar arteries -> Interlobar arteries -> arcuate arteries -> interlobular arteries -> afferent arterioles -> glomerulus -> efferent arterioles -> peritubular capillary beds |
front 40 What is a renal plexus? | back 40 Nerve supply for kidney, has a capillary network that surrounds loop of Henle calle vasa recta |
front 41 What are the 3 different processes for urine formation | back 41 Filtration Reabsorption Secretion |
front 42 What makes the glomerular best for filtration? | back 42 It is very permeable, open pores, no cell, basement membrane, surface area is very large, has a high blood pressure |
front 43 Why is the blood pressure high in the gloerulus? | back 43 The efferent arterial is smaller in diameter than the afferent And the osmotic pressure in the unfiltered blood pulls fluid back into glomerulus |
front 44 What is the standard measurement for the glomerular filtration rate? | back 44 Insulin It can be varied by regulating glomeruler pressure |
front 45 What is the initial composition of filtrate | back 45 Same as plasma, minus plasma proteins |
front 46 Where does reabsorption primarily occure | back 46 Proximal convoluted tubule |
front 47 What is more selective, filtration or reabsorption? | back 47 reabsorption |
front 48 How much glucose and aa are reclaimed? How much urea? | back 48 Almost always 100% 50% |
front 49 What is the threshold value? | back 49 Concentration in the plasma must be exceeded before it appears in the urine |
front 50 Where does secretion mostly occur? | back 50 Distal conveluted tubuel |
front 51 What is micturitiion | back 51 urination |
front 52 How is water lost from the body? | back 52 Kidneys, skin (sweat), lungs, GI tract |
front 53 What are the 2 main fluid compartments? | back 53 Intracellular (fluid w/i the cells) Extracellular (fluid outside of the cells) |
front 54 What are the 2 divisions of extracellular fluid? | back 54 Interstitial Fluid Plasma |
front 55 What is the relationship between Na and water reabsorption? | back 55 water follows Na that is reabsorbed in the proximal convaluted tubule |
front 56 How does aldosterone affect Na? | back 56 Produced by adrenal cortex, causes kidney tubules (especially distal portion) to increase Na transport thus increases Na reabsorption |
front 57 How does the atrial natriuretic factor affect Na? | back 57 Realesed by atrial myocardial cells. inhibits renin, modifies activity of angiotensin system, which reduces aldosterone, reducing sodium, reducing water retention and reducing bloo pressure |
front 58 How do juxtamedullary cells affect blood pressure? | back 58 They are cells close to glomerular They decrease blood supply to kidneys where renin is produced which increases tensinogen, angiotensin 1 and 2 which constricts arteriols and increases blood pressure |
front 59 3 hormones release by kidney | back 59 Renin Urethropyotin calcitrial |
front 60 What happens to urine if there is execs water? What if the boy is dehydrated? | back 60 Diluted urine Concentrated urine |
front 61 Where does most water reabsorption occur? | back 61 Proximal tubules |
front 62 Describe the urine as it travels the Loop of Henle | back 62 Entering the descending limb - isotonic to plasma Moving down the descending limb it becomes more concentrated Moving up the ascending limb begins to loose concentration because chloride is transported out and Na follows, water stays behind |
front 63 Where does some urea diffuse out? | back 63 lower portion of collecting duct |
front 64 What is the role of the vasa recta? | back 64 Maintains the medullary concentration gradient developed by the loop of Henle |
front 65 T/F the vasa recta carries salts away | back 65 F, the salts dilute into an out of the vasa recta |
front 66 What does ADH control? | back 66 The amount of water reabsorbed from collecting ducts |
front 67 What releases ADH | back 67 nurohypophysis |
front 68 Does ADH cause urine to be more concentrated or diluted? | back 68 Concentrated |
front 69 80% of the total water reabosorption occurs in the _____. The ______ system is responsible for the remaining amount | back 69 proximal convoluted tubules counter-current-ADH |
front 70 The transport of ___ and ___ from the ascending loop creates an osmotic gradient in the ___. This gradient is enhanced by the reabsorption of ___ in the collecting ducts. | back 70 chloride and sodium interstitial fluid Urea |
front 71 The ___ maintains the concentration gradient established by removing the water reabsorbed from the ___. | back 71 Vasa recta collecting duct |
front 72 What regulates the permeability of the collecting duct? | back 72 ADH |
front 73 What type of urine is produced when the tubule is permeable? What if the tubule is not permeable? | back 73 hypertonic to plasma hypotonic to plasma, copious amounts |
front 74 What do electrolytes affect? | back 74 water movement, pH, enzyme activity and osmotic pressure |
front 75 How does chloride affect osmotic pressure? | back 75 Indirectly, it is regulated by aldostorone and attracted to Na |
front 76 What is the most abundant cation in ICF? | back 76 Potassium |
front 77 What regulates calcium and phosphate? | back 77 endochrine glands |
front 78 What increases magnesium excretion? | back 78 Increase levels of aldostorone |
front 79 what is respiratory alkalosis? | back 79 pH leads to hyperventalation |
front 80 What is metabolic alkalosis? | back 80 Increase in pH an bicarbonate levels |
front 81 What is alkalosis? | back 81 pH in arteriole blood is greater than 7.45 |
front 82 What is aciosis | back 82 When pH is 7.0-7.35 |
front 83 What does respiratory acidosis lead to? | back 83 CO2 retention |
front 84 What does metabolic acidosis do? | back 84 decrease in pH brings bicarbonate levels down |
front 85 What are the 3 major chemical buffers? | back 85 Bicarbonate phosphate protein |
front 86 What is diabetes insipidus? | back 86 ADH is absent or low, little to no water is reabsorbe |
front 87 What is glomerulonephritis? | back 87 Inflammation of glomeruli. Inflammatory response leads to blockage of many nephrons |
front 88 What are kidney stones? | back 88 crystals formed in renal pelvis, may pass down ureter to bladder and cause pain and/or block urine |
front 89 What is cystitis? | back 89 Inflammation of bladder |
front 90 What happens in dialysis? | back 90 blood is passed through a tube which allows the movement of urea and other small molecules out but blocks proteins and blood cells. Tube runs through a bath which contains the proper concentration of glucose and vitamins |
front 91 What happens with age? | back 91 decrease in GFR renal blood flow decreases decrease in concentration of urine in tubules increased volumes of urine and frequency of urination |
front 92 What is edema | back 92 accumulation of fluid in interstitial space, leading to swelling |
front 93 What is thirst promoted by? | back 93 decrease in saliva decrease in plasma osmolaity increase in plasma volume |