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ch 17 Nutrtion

front 1

What fraction of the U.S. population is at least 65 years old?

back 1

1/8

front 2

What is the fastest-growing age group in the United States?

back 2

Over 85 years

front 3

What is the life expectancy of black males and females in the United States?

back 3

70-77 years

front 4

What was the average life expectancy of a person born in the year 1900?

back 4

47 years

front 5

What is the life expectancy of white males and females in the United States?

back 5

76-81

front 6

Approximately how many years is the maximum human life span?

back 6

130

front 7

Approximately what percentage of a person’s life expectancy is under control of her genes

back 7

B

front 8

Approximately what percentage of a person’s life expectancy is dependent upon his personal behavior?

back 8

75

front 9

What would be the physiological age of a 75-year-old woman whose physical health is equivalent to that of her 50-year-old daughter?

back 9

50

front 10

Studies of adults show that longevity is related, in part, to all of the following except

back 10

short periods of sleep

front 11

What is the most important predictor of a person’s mobility in the later years?

back 11

Regular physical activity

front 12

Which of the following is a finding from studies of diet restriction in rats?

back 12

Energy-restricted diets led to lowering of the metabolic rate and body temperature

front 13

Which of the following is a feature of energy intake and longevity?

back 13

Improvements in longevity depend on reducing energy intake but not on the amount of body fat

front 14

What minimum reduction from the usual intake of energy in people brings about measurable improvements in body fat, blood pressure, insulin response, and blood lipids?

back 14

10%

front 15

People who persistently restrict energy intake by 30% for 30 years can expect to increase longevity by up to how many years?

back 15

3

front 16

In people who practice energy restriction to prolong life, hunger becomes persistent when kcal intake first drops by what percentage?

back 16

30

front 17

Which of the following is a proposed mechanism for energy restriction and improved longevity in animals?

back 17

Reduced oxidative stress

front 18

Which of the following is a feature of the stress response in men and women?

back 18

Women’s general reactions to stress are different than those of men

front 19

All of the following are characteristics of body weight and older people except

back 19

a higher body weight reduces the risk of sarcopenia

front 20

The relationship of overweight and health risks diminishes with age, starting after age

back 20

65

front 21

What is sarcopenia?

back 21

Loss of muscle mass and strength

front 22

Which of the following is a characteristic of aging and the immune system?

back 22

Antibiotics are often ineffective in treating older people who have deficient immune systems

front 23

Which of the following terms describes an immune system that is inefficient and overactive in the aged?

back 23

Inflammaging

front 24

Mary is 75 years old and has been getting sick recently and losing weight. After assessing all symptoms, her doctor diagnoses atrophic gastritis and prescribes an antibiotic. All of the following are symptoms associated with this condition except

back 24

acid reflux

front 25

A person with dysphagia has

back 25

difficulty swallowing

front 26

All of the following are characteristics of tooth loss in the elderly except

back 26

the consumption of applesauce instead of apples and creamed corn instead of corn on the cob reduces nutrient bioavailability and impairs nutritional health.

front 27

Atrophic gastritis is typically characterized by all of the following signs except

back 27

insufficient secretion of pepsinogen and gastrin

front 28

A person who is edentulous has

back 28

no teeth

front 29

Among the elderly, malnutrition is most common in those living

back 29

in nursing homes

front 30

What is the highest age group recognized in the Dietary Reference Intakes

back 30

71 years and older

front 31

A person with a pressure ulcer has damage to her

back 31

skin

front 32

Approximately what percentage decline in basal metabolism is seen in an 80-year-old person compared with a 40-year-old?

back 32

4-8

front 33

Approximately what percentage decline in total energy expenditure is seen in a 70 year old versus a 30 year old

back 33

20

front 34

Which of the following describes the nutrient needs of older people?

back 34

They vary according to individual histories

front 35

Which of the following is a feature of elderly people and water metabolism?

back 35

They do not feel thirsty or recognize dryness of the mouth

front 36

What is the minimum number of glasses of water per day recommended for older adults?

back 36

6

front 37

Marie is an 80-year-old woman with a BMI of 27 who has been admitted to the hospital for dehydration. She lives alone, her diet is very high in desserts and sweets, and she only drinks diet colas. On morning hospital rounds, the attending physician asks the group of interns what they recommend for the patient. With which intern should you disagree?

back 37

Intern A: Try to lose enough weight to achieve a desirable BMI

front 38

Vitamin B12 deficiency in the elderly is least likely to occur from

back 38

insufficient intake of vitamin B12

front 39

John is 60 years old and has been experiencing numbness in his hands for the past 3 months. His doctor suspects that John is not producing enough hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor and encourages him to eat more foods containing vitamin B12. What is wrong with this suggestion?

back 39

Because John has no intrinsic factor, he cannot efficiently utilize vitamin B12 from natural sources and would need a vitamin B12-fortified food or supplement

front 40

All of the following are characteristics of vitamin B12 nutrition in older people except

back 40

the DRI Committee recommends that older people increase their meat intake to provide adequate vitamin B12.

front 41

Which of the following is a recent finding on vitamin D nutrition in the elderly

back 41

The skin’s capacity to synthesize the vitamin is reduced

front 42

Which of the following is a feature of vitamin D nutrition in the elderly?

back 42

Aging reduces the kidneys’ ability to convert vitamin D to its active form

front 43

To prevent and treat the high incidence of constipation in the elderly, all of the following practices are known to be effective except

back 43

taking vitamin B12 injections

front 44

Which of the following is a feature of calcium nutrition in the elderly

back 44

Calcium intakes are well below recommendations

front 45

Although many health-care professionals do not recommend a daily multivitamin-mineral supplement, the needs for which of the following nutrients are usually met from supplement use?

back 45

Vitamin D

front 46

Which of the following statements describes one aspect of mineral nutrition of older adults?

back 46

Iron absorption is reduced due to low stomach acidity

front 47

A condition that increases the likelihood of iron deficiency in older people is

back 47

poor iron absorption due to reduced stomach acid secretion and/or use of antacids.

front 48

What are the thickenings that occur to the lenses of the eye, thereby affecting vision, especially in the elderly?

back 48

cataracts

front 49

Jimmy is 33 years old and his obese parents each have cataracts in both eyes. They rarely eat fruits or vegetables and prefer a meat and potatoes existence. To reduce his risk of developing cataracts like his parents, Jimmy should incorporate all of the following into his diet except

back 49

getting enough sleep at night to preserve the integrity of his eyes

front 50

All of the following are characteristics of age-related macular degeneration except

back 50

therapy includes elimination of purine-containing foods

front 51

All of the following are features of osteoarthritis except

back 51

nicotine intake reduces inflammation and increases flexibility

front 52

What nutrients appear to be protective of cataract formation?

back 52

Vitamin C and vitamin E

front 53

What organ is affected by macular degeneration?

back 53

eyes

front 54

Which of the following foods seems to benefit rheumatoid arthritis in some people?

back 54

Olive oil

front 55

All of the following are features of arthritis except

back 55

weight-bearing exercises often aggravate the pain from osteoarthritis.

front 56

Which of the following types of diets has been shown to prevent or reduce arthritis inflammation?

back 56

Low in saturated fat, high in omega-3 fatty acids

front 57

All of the following are characteristics of gout except

back 57

it promotes formation of neurofibrillary tangles

front 58

Glucosamine and/or chondroitin supplements are used by some people to treat symptoms of

back 58

arthritis

front 59

Which of the following is not a common feature of gout?

back 59

It is treated by reducing intake of milk products

front 60

Which of the following is thought to promote the development of brain senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles?

back 60

oxidative stress

front 61

What percentage of U.S. adults are affected by Alzheimer’s disease after age 70?

back 61

10

front 62

Factors known to be related to the appearance of Alzheimer’s disease include all of the following except

back 62

a decrease in homocysteine synthesis

front 63

Which of the following is a characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease

back 63

It is associated with clumps of beta-amyloid protein in the brain

front 64

What is the main reason for dieting in the elderly?

back 64

To pursue a medical goal such as reducing blood glucose

front 65

Which of the following is a feature of food choices and eating habits of older people?

back 65

opportunity for social interactions

front 66

What is a congregate meal?

back 66

A meal provided for the elderly in a place such as a community center

front 67

All of the following are features of the Meals on Wheels program except

back 67

it provides the same social benefits as congregate meals.

front 68

Goals of the federal Older Americans Act nutrition program include the provision of all of the following except

back 68

high-cost nutritious meals

front 69

A principal reason that congregate meals are preferable to Meals on Wheels is that

back 69

there are more social benefits to congregate meals

front 70

Rose is a 73-year-old spunky, energetic woman who is wheel-chair bound. She cannot go to the grocery store and has no family members nearby. Which of the following would be the most appropriate suggestion for ensuring that Rose is obtaining adequate nutrition?

back 70

Sign her up for the Meals on Wheels program

front 71

Which of the following is a program that provides low-income older adults with coupons that are exchangeable for fresh vegetables and fruits at community-supported farmers’ markets and roadside stands?

back 71

Senior Farmers Market Nutrition Program

front 72

What percentage of eligible people 60 years and older participate in nutrition assistance programs?

back 72

30

front 73

What fraction of prescription drugs sold in the United States is taken by people over 65 years of age

back 73

1/3

front 74

How does aspirin reduce inflammation and pain?

back 74

It interferes with the synthesis of prostaglandins

front 75

What are the known consequences of taking a single two-tablet dose of aspirin?

back 75

It doubles the bleeding time of wounds

front 76

All of the following are characteristics of aspirin use except

back 76

it acts as a pro-clotting agent

front 77

What is the primary action of the medication megestrol acetate?

back 77

it promotes weight gain

front 78

A major side effect from the regular use of some antipsychotics, antidepressants, and corticosteroids is

back 78

substantial weight gain

front 79

What two nutrients are known to interfere significantly with the utilization of the antibiotic tetracycline?

back 79

iron and calcium

front 80

Regular use of antacids interferes significantly with absorption of all of the following except

back 80

zinc

front 81

Which of the following drugs has a chemical structure similar to folate?

back 81

Methotrexate

front 82

What is a common side effect from taking certain prescription drugs and consuming grapefruit juice?

back 82

Blood concentrations of the drugs increase

front 83

Which of the following is a feature of warfarin use and vitamin K utilization?

back 83

Dietary vitamin K intake determines the amount of warfarin prescribed

front 84

Your father was recently prescribed an anticoagulant medicine and was surprised that the doctor advised him to maintain consumption of consistent amounts of green leafy vegetables every day. You inform your father that

back 84

inconsistent intakes of green leafy vegetables will interfere with the regular action of the drug.

front 85

Which of the following foods in particular must be restricted in the diet of a person taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor drug?

back 85

aged cheeses

front 86

What ingredient commonly used as a sweetener in liquid medicines often causes diarrhea?

back 86

sorbitol