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  1. Print the notecards
  2. Fold each page in half along the solid vertical line
  3. Cut out the notecards by cutting along each horizontal dotted line
  4. Optional: Glue, tape or staple the ends of each notecard together
  1. Verify Front of pages is selected for Viewing and print the front of the notecards
  2. Select Back of pages for Viewing and print the back of the notecards
    NOTE: Since the back of the pages are printed in reverse order (last page is printed first), keep the pages in the same order as they were after Step 1. Also, be sure to feed the pages in the same direction as you did in Step 1.
  3. Cut out the notecards by cutting along each horizontal and vertical dotted line
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58 notecards = 15 pages (4 cards per page)

Viewing:

Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

front 1

Pathology

back 1

Study of disease

front 2

Etiology

back 2

Study of the cause of disease

front 3

Pathogenesis

back 3

Development of disease

front 4

Infection

back 4

Colonization of the body by pathogens

front 5

Disease

back 5

An abnormal state in which body is not functioning normally

front 6

Normal flora

back 6

Microorganisms that inhabit us but do not cause disease in or on an organism under normal conditions

front 7

Microbial antagonism

back 7

Competition between microbes

front 8

Three ways normal flora protect the host

back 8

  • Occupying niches that pathogens might occupy
  • Producing acids
  • Producing bacteriocins

front 9

Probiotics

back 9

Live microbes applied to or ingested into the body

Intended to exert a beneficial effect

front 10

Symbiosis

back 10

The relationship between normal microbiota and the host

front 11

Three types of symbiosis

back 11

  • Commensalism
  • Mutualism
  • Parasitism

front 12

Commensalism

back 12

One organism benefits, one organism unaffected

front 13

Mutualism

back 13

Both organisms benefit

front 14

Parasitism

back 14

One organism benefits at expense of another

front 15

Koch's Postulates

back 15

  • Certain organisms cause certain diseases
  • Same microorganism must be present in every case of the disease
  • Must isolate the microorganism from the diseased host and grow in pure culture
  • The microorganism must produce the same disease when inoculated into susceptible host
  • The microorganism must be recovered from the inoculated host again in pure culture

front 16

Symptom

back 16

Change in body function that is felt by a patient

front 17

Sign

back 17

Change in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of a disease

front 18

Syndrome

back 18

A specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease

front 19

Communicable disease

back 19

Spread from one host to another

front 20

Contagious disease

back 20

Easily spread from one host to another

front 21

Noncommunicable disease

back 21

Is not transmitted from one host to another

front 22

Incidence

back 22

Fraction of a population that contracts a disease during a specific time

front 23

Prevalence

back 23

Fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time

front 24

Sporadic disease

back 24

Disease that occurs occasionally in a population

front 25

Endemic disease

back 25

Disease that is constant in a population

front 26

Epidemic disease

back 26

Disease that is acquired by many hosts in a short amount of time

front 27

Pandemic disease

back 27

Worldwide epidemic

front 28

Acute disease

back 28

Symptoms develop rapidly

front 29

Chronic disease

back 29

Disease develops slowly

front 30

Subacute disease

back 30

Symptoms between acute and chronic

front 31

Latent disease

back 31

Disease with period of no symptoms when patient is inactive

front 32

Herd immunity

back 32

Immunity in most of a population

front 33

Local infection

back 33

Pathogens limited to a small area of the body

front 34

Systemic infection

back 34

An infection throughout the body

front 35

Focal infection

back 35

System infection that began as a local infection

front 36

Bacteremia

back 36

Bacteria in the blood

front 37

Septicemia

back 37

Growth of bacteria in the blood

front 38

Toxemia

back 38

Toxins in the blood

front 39

Viremia

back 39

Viruses in the blood

front 40

Primary infection

back 40

Acute infection that causes initial illness

front 41

Secondary infection

back 41

Opportunist infection after a primary infection

front 42

Subclinical diseases

back 42

No noticeable sign or symptom

front 43

Predisposing factors for infection

back 43

  • Climate and weather
  • Chemotherapy
  • Inherited traits
  • Fatigue
  • Age
  • Lifestyle

front 44

Incubation period

back 44

Microorganism is present but host is not showing any sign of disease

front 45

Prodromal period

back 45

Short period of mild symptoms

front 46

Period of illness

back 46

Acute disease process

front 47

Period of decline

back 47

Signs and symptoms subside

front 48

Period of covalescence

back 48

Person regains strength and body returns to the pre-diseased state

front 49

Reservoirs of infection

back 49

Continual sources of infection

front 50

Ways to transmit a disease

back 50

  • Contact
  • Vehicle
  • Vector

front 51

Transmission of disease through contact

back 51

  • Direct: requires close association between infected and susceptible host
  • Indirect: spread by formites
  • Droplet: airborne

front 52

Transmission of disease through vehicle

back 52

  • Transmission via an inanimate object:
  • Food
  • Water
  • Air

front 53

Transmission of disease through vector

back 53

  • Arthropods: fleas, ticks, mosquitos
  • Mechanical: arthropod carries disease on feet
  • Biological: pathogen reproduces in vector

front 54

Nosocomial infection

back 54

  • Acquired as result of hospital stay
  • MO in environment
  • Compromised status of host
  • Chain of transmission in hospital

front 55

How to control a nosocomial infection

back 55

  • Cleanliness
  • Hand washing
  • Disinfection

front 56

Epidemiology

back 56

Study of when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted

front 57

Morbidity

back 57

Incidence of a specific, notifiable disease

front 58

Mortality

back 58

Deaths from notifiable disease