Print Options

Card layout:

← Back to notecard set|Easy Notecards home page

Instructions for Side by Side Printing
  1. Print the notecards
  2. Fold each page in half along the solid vertical line
  3. Cut out the notecards by cutting along each horizontal dotted line
  4. Optional: Glue, tape or staple the ends of each notecard together
  1. Verify Front of pages is selected for Viewing and print the front of the notecards
  2. Select Back of pages for Viewing and print the back of the notecards
    NOTE: Since the back of the pages are printed in reverse order (last page is printed first), keep the pages in the same order as they were after Step 1. Also, be sure to feed the pages in the same direction as you did in Step 1.
  3. Cut out the notecards by cutting along each horizontal and vertical dotted line
Print these notecards...Print as a list

56 notecards = 14 pages (4 cards per page)

Viewing:

Biology 2014 Chapter 11

front 1

1) What do we mean when we use the terms monohybrid cross and dihybrid cross?

back 1

C) A dihybrid cross involves organisms that are heterozygous for two characters, and a monohybrid cross involves only one.

front 2

2) What was the most significant conclusion that Gregor Mendel drew from his experiments with pea plants?

back 2

B) Traits are inherited in discrete units, and are not the results of "blending."

front 3

3) How many unique gametes could be produced through independent assortment by an individual with the genotype AaBbCCDdEE?

back 3

B) 8

front 4

4) The individual with genotype AaBbCCDdEE can make many kinds of gametes. Which of the following is the major reason?

back 4

D) different possible assortment of chromosomes into gametes

front 5

5) Why did Mendel continue some of his experiments to the F2 or F3 generation?

back 5

B) to observe whether or not a recessive trait would reappear

front 6

6) Which of the following differentiates between independent assortment and segregation?

back 6

A) The law of independent assortment requires describing two or more genes relative to one another.

front 7

7) Two plants are crossed, resulting in offspring with a 3:1 ratio for a particular trait. What does this suggest?

back 7

D) that the parents were both heterozygous for a single trait

front 8

8) A sexually reproducing animal has two unlinked genes, one for head shape (H) and one for tail length (T). Its genotype is HhTt. Which of the following genotypes is possible in a gamete from this organism?

back 8

E) HT

front 9

9) When crossing an organism that is homozygous recessive for a single trait with a heterozygote, what is the chance of producing an offspring with the homozygous recessive phenotype?

back 9

C) 50%

front 10

10) Mendel accounted for the observation that traits that had disappeared in the F1 generation reappeared in the F2 generation by proposing that

back 10

C) traits can be dominant or recessive, and the recessive traits were obscured by the dominant ones in the F1.

front 11

11) The fact that all seven of the pea plant traits studied by Mendel obeyed the principle of independent assortment most probably indicates which of the following?

back 11

D) All of the genes controlling the traits behaved as if they were on different chromosomes.

front 12

12) Mendel's observation of the segregation of alleles in gamete formation has its basis in which of the following phases of cell division?

back 12

D) anaphase I of meiosis

front 13

14) Why did the F1 offspring of Mendel's classic pea cross always look like one of the two parental varieties?

back 13

D) One allele was dominant.

front 14

13) Mendel's second law of independent assortment has its basis in which of the following events of meiosis I?

back 14

C) alignment of tetrads at the equator

front 15

15) Black fur in mice (B) is dominant to brown fur (b). Short tails (T) are dominant to long tails (t). What fraction of the progeny of crosses BbTt × BBtt will be expected to have black fur and long tails?

back 15

D) 1/2

front 16

16) In certain plants, tall is dominant to short. If a heterozygous plant is crossed with a homozygous tall plant, what is the probability that the offspring will be short?

back 16

E) 0

front 17

17) In the cross AaBbCc × AaBbCc, what is the probability of producing the genotype AABBCC?

back 17

E) 1/64

front 18

18) Given the parents AABBCc × AabbCc, assume simple dominance for each trait and independent assortment. What proportion of the progeny will be expected to phenotypically resemble the first parent?

back 18

C) 3/4

front 19

19) Which of the following is the best statement of the use of the addition rule of probability?

back 19

C) the probability that either one of two independent events will occur

front 20

20) Which of the following calculations require that you utilize the addition rule?

back 20

D) Calculate the probability of a child having either sickle-cell anemia or cystic fibrosis if parents are each heterozygous for both.

front 21

21) Marfan syndrome in humans is caused by an abnormality of the connective tissue protein fibrillin. Patients are usually very tall and thin, with long spindly fingers, curvature of the spine, sometimes weakened arterial walls, and sometimes ocular problems, such as lens dislocation.

Which of the following would you conclude about Marfan syndrome from this information?

back 21

D) It is pleiotropic.

front 22

22) In cattle, roan coat color (mixed red and white hairs) occurs in the heterozygous (Rr) offspring of red (RR) and white (rr) homozygotes. Which of the following crosses would produce offspring in the ratio of 1 red:2 roan:1 white?

back 22

B) roan × roan

front 23

23) Which of the following describes the ability of a single gene to have multiple phenotypic effects?

back 23

C) pleiotropy

front 24

24) Cystic fibrosis affects the lungs, the pancreas, the digestive system, and other organs, resulting in symptoms ranging from breathing difficulties to recurrent infections. Which of the following terms best describes this?

back 24

C) pleiotropy

front 25

25) Which of the following is an example of polygenic inheritance?

back 25

E) skin pigmentation in humans

front 26

26) Hydrangea plants of the same genotype are planted in a large flower garden. Some of the plants produce blue flowers and others pink flowers. This can be best explained by which of the following?

back 26

E) environmental factors such as soil pH

front 27

27) Which of the following provides an example of epistasis?

back 27

C) In rabbits and many other mammals, one genotype (ee) prevents any fur color from developing.

front 28

28) A scientist discovers a DNA-based test for one allele of a particular gene. This and only this allele, if homozygous, produces an effect that results in death at or about the time of birth. Of the following, which is the best use of this discovery?

back 28

B) Design a test for identifying heterozygous carriers of the allele.

front 29

29) The frequency of heterozygosity for the sickle-cell anemia allele is unusually high, presumably because this reduces the frequency of malaria. Such a relationship is related to which of the following?

back 29

C) Darwin's explanation of natural selection

front 30

30) One of two major forms of a human condition called neurofibromatosis (NF 1) is inherited as a dominant gene, although it may range from mildly to very severely expressed. If a young child is the first in her family to be diagnosed, which of the following is the best explanation?

back 30

B) One of the parents has very mild expression of the gene.

front 31

Two true-breeding stocks of pea plants are crossed. One parent has red, axial flowers and the other has white, terminal flowers; all F1 individuals have red, axial flowers. The genes for flower color and location assort independently.

1) If 1,000 F2 offspring resulted from the cross, approximately how many of them would you expect to have red, terminal flowers?

back 31

B) 190

front 32

Two true-breeding stocks of pea plants are crossed. One parent has red, axial flowers and the other has white, terminal flowers; all F1 individuals have red, axial flowers. The genes for flower color and location assort independently.

2) Among the F2 offspring, what is the probability of plants with white axial flowers?

back 32

C) 3/16

front 33

Labrador retrievers are black, brown, or yellow. In a cross of a black female with a brown male, results can be either all black puppies, 1/2 black to 1/2 brown puppies, or 3/4 black to 1/4 yellow puppies.

3) These results indicate which of the following?

back 33

E) Epistasis is involved.

front 34

Labrador retrievers are black, brown, or yellow. In a cross of a black female with a brown male, results can be either all black puppies, 1/2 black to 1/2 brown puppies, or 3/4 black to 1/4 yellow puppies.

4) How many genes must be responsible for these coat colors in Labrador retrievers?

back 34

B) 2

front 35

Labrador retrievers are black, brown, or yellow. In a cross of a black female with a brown male, results can be either all black puppies, 1/2 black to 1/2 brown puppies, or 3/4 black to 1/4 yellow puppies.

5) In one type cross of black × black, the results were as follows:

9/16 black

4/16 yellow

3/16 brown

The genotype eebb must result in which of the following?

back 35

C) yellow

front 36

Radish flowers may be red, purple, or white. A cross between a red-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant yields all-purple offspring. The part of the radish we eat may be oval or long, with long being the dominant trait.

6) If true-breeding red long radishes are crossed with true-breeding white oval radishes, the F1 will be expected to be which of the following?

back 36

D) purple and long

front 37

Radish flowers may be red, purple, or white. A cross between a red-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant yields all-purple offspring. The part of the radish we eat may be oval or long, with long being the dominant trait.

7) In the F2 generation of the above cross, which of the following phenotypic ratios would be expected?

back 37

E) 6:3:3:2:1:1

front 38

Radish flowers may be red, purple, or white. A cross between a red-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant yields all-purple offspring. The part of the radish we eat may be oval or long, with long being the dominant trait.

8) The flower color trait in radishes is an example of which of the following?

back 38

D) incomplete dominance

front 39

Drosophila (fruit flies) usually have long wings (+), but mutations in two different genes can result in bent wings (bt) or vestigial wings (vg).

9) If a homozygous bent wing fly is mated with a homozygous vestigial wing fly, which of the following offspring would you expect?

back 39

A) all +bt +vg heterozygotes

front 40

Drosophila (fruit flies) usually have long wings (+), but mutations in two different genes can result in bent wings (bt) or vestigial wings (vg).

10) If flies that are heterozygous for both the bent wing gene and the vestigial wing gene are mated, what is the probability of offspring with bent wings only?

back 40

E) 3/16

front 41

Tallness (T) in snapdragons is dominant to dwarfness (t), and red (R) flower color is dominant to white (r). The heterozygous condition results in pink (Rr) flower color.

11) A dwarf, red snapdragon is crossed with a plant homozygous for tallness and white flowers. What are the genotype and phenotype of the F1 individuals?

back 41

D) TtRr–tall and pink

front 42

Tallness (T) in snapdragons is dominant to dwarfness (t), and red (R) flower color is dominant to white (r). The heterozygous condition results in pink (Rr) flower color.

12) If snapdragons are heterozygous for height as well as for flower color, a mating between them will result in what ratio?

back 42

B) 6:3:3:2:1:1

front 43

Skin color in a certain species of fish is inherited via a single gene with four different alleles.

13) How many different types of gametes would be possible in this system?

back 43

C) 4

front 44

14) One fish of this type has alleles 1 and 3 (S1S3) and its mate has alleles 2 and 4 (S2S4). If each allele confers a unit of color darkness such that S1 has one unit, S2 has two units, and so on, then what proportion of their offspring would be expected to have five units of color?

back 44

D) 1/2

front 45

Gene S controls the sharpness of spines in a type of cactus. Cactuses with the dominant allele, S, have sharp spines, whereas homozygous recessive ss cactuses have dull spines. At the same time, a second gene, N, determines whether or not cactuses have spines. Homozygous recessive nn cactuses have no spines at all.

15) The relationship between genes S and N is an example of

back 45

B) epistasis.

front 46

Gene S controls the sharpness of spines in a type of cactus. Cactuses with the dominant allele, S, have sharp spines, whereas homozygous recessive ss cactuses have dull spines. At the same time, a second gene, N, determines whether or not cactuses have spines. Homozygous recessive nn cactuses have no spines at all.

16) A cross between a true-breeding sharp-spined cactus and a spineless cactus would produce

back 46

A) all sharp-spined progeny.

front 47

Gene S controls the sharpness of spines in a type of cactus. Cactuses with the dominant allele, S, have sharp spines, whereas homozygous recessive ss cactuses have dull spines. At the same time, a second gene, N, determines whether or not cactuses have spines. Homozygous recessive nn cactuses have no spines at all.

17) If doubly heterozygous SsNn cactuses were allowed to self-pollinate, the F2 would segregate in which of the following ratios?

back 47

E) 9 sharp-spined:3 dull-spined:4 spineless

front 48

Feather color in budgies is determined by two different genes, Y and B, one for pigment on the outside and one for the inside of the feather. YYBB, YyBB, or YYBb is green; yyBB or yyBb is blue; YYbb or Yybb is yellow; and yybb is white.

18) A blue budgie is crossed with a white budgie. Which of the following results is not possible?

back 48

D) green and yellow offspring

front 49

19) Two blue budgies were crossed. Over the years, they produced 22 offspring, 5 of which were white. What are the most likely genotypes for the two blue budgies?

Feather color in budgies is determined by two different genes, Y and B, one for pigment on the outside and one for the inside of the feather. YYBB, YyBB, or YYBb is green; yyBB or yyBb is blue; YYbb or Yybb is yellow; and yybb is white.

back 49

C) yyBb and yyBb

front 50

A woman who has blood type A positive has a daughter who is type O positive and a son who is type B negative. Rh positive is a trait that shows simple dominance over Rh negative and is designated by the alleles R and r, respectively. A third gene for the MN blood group has codominant alleles M and N.

20) Which of the following is a possible partial genotype for the son?

back 50

D) I^Bi

front 51

A woman who has blood type A positive has a daughter who is type O positive and a son who is type B negative. Rh positive is a trait that shows simple dominance over Rh negative and is designated by the alleles R and r, respectively. A third gene for the MN blood group has codominant alleles M and N.

21) Which of the following is a possible genotype for the mother?

back 51

D) IAi

front 52

22) Which of the following is a possible phenotype for the father?

back 52

C) B positive

front 53

23) If both children are of blood type M, which of the following is possible?

back 53

A) Each parent is either M or MN.

front 54

Humanoids on the newly explored planet Brin (in a hypothetical galaxy in ~50 years from the present) have a gene structure similar to our own, but many very different plants and animals.

24) One species of a small birdlike animal has an extremely variable tail length, an example of polygenic inheritance. Geneticists have come to realize that there are eight separate genes for tail length per haploid genome, with each gene having two alleles. One allele for each gene (a1, b1, and so on) increases the length by 1 cm, whereas the other allele (a2, b2, and so on) increases it by 0.5 cm. One bird was analyzed and found to have the following genotype: a1a1b2b2c1c2d1d2e2e2f1f2g1g1h1h2

What is the length of its tail?

back 54

C) 12 cm

front 55

Humanoids on the newly explored planet Brin (in a hypothetical galaxy in ~50 years from the present) have a gene structure similar to our own, but many very different plants and animals.

25) One species of green plant, with frondlike leaves, a spine-coated stem, and purple cup-shaped flowers, is found to be self-pollinating. Which of the following is true of this species?

back 55

D) Some of the seeds would have true-breeding traits.

front 56

26) If the environmental parameters, such as temperature, humidity, atmosphere, sunlight, and so on, are mostly Earthlike, which of the following do you expect of its types of leaves, stems, and flowers?

back 56

E) Phenotypes would be selected for or against by these environmental factors.