front 1 hormones | back 1 signaling molecules secreted into the extracellular fluid that bind to specific receptors in the body 3 main chemical classes of hormones: polypeptides, steroids, and amines |
front 2 target cells | back 2 cells with a receptor matching a specific hormones |
front 3 nervous system | back 3 major communication and control system of the body, signals transmitted by neurons |
front 4 endocrine system | back 4 body system for communication and regulation facilitated by hormones |
front 5 endocrine signaling | back 5 secreted molecules diffuse into the bloodstream and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body |
front 6 paracrine signaling | back 6 secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response in neighboring cells target cells lie near the secreting cell |
front 7 autocrine signaling | back 7 secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response in the cells that secrete them secreting cells themselves are the target cells |
front 8 local regulators | back 8 molecules that act over short distances and reach their target cells solely by diffusion, once secreted act w/in seconds or milliseconds ex: cytokines, growth factors |
front 9 prostaglandins | back 9 group of modified fatty acids, local regulators that mediate signaling |
front 10 synaptic signaling | back 10 neurons form specialized junctions (synapses) with target cells |
front 11 neurotransmitters | back 11 secreted by neurons, diffuse a very short distance and bind to receptors on the target cells |
front 12 neuroendocrine signaling | back 12 specialized neurons (neurosecretory cells) secrete neurohormones |
front 13 neurohormones | back 13 diffuse from nerve cell endings into the bloodstream |
front 14 pheromones | back 14 chemicals that are produced by the body and released into the external environment |
front 15 nitric oxide (NO) | back 15 gas, functions in the body as both a local regulator and neurotransmitter O2 level in blood decreases, endothelial cells in blood vessel walls synthesize and release NO which activates an enzymes that relaxes cells resulting in vasodilation |
front 16 polypeptide | back 16 class of hormones, chains of amino acids, water soluble ex: insulin |
front 17 steroid | back 17 class of hormones, lipids that contain four fused carbon rings, lipid soluble ex: cortisol |
front 18 amines | back 18 class of hormones, synthesized from a single amino acid, usually water soluble ex: epinephrine |
front 19 water-soluble hormones | back 19 secreted by exocytosis and travel freely in bloodstream, can't diffuse through plasma membrane of target cells, to to cell-surface receptors |
front 20 lipid-soluble hormones | back 20 diffuse out across the cell membranes of endocrine cells, outside cell bind to transport proteins that keep them soluble in aq solution then diffuse into target cell exert different effects on different target cells |
front 21 signal transduction | back 21 series of changes in cellular proteins that converts the extracellular chemical signal to a specific intracellular response |
front 22 epinephrine | back 22 hormone secreted by adrenal glands, aka adrenaline increases blood flow to major skeletal muscles and decreases blood flow to digestive tract |
front 23 simple endocrine pathway | back 23
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front 24 simple neuroendocrine pathway | back 24
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front 25 oxytocin | back 25 neurohormone, from posterior pituitary gland, stimulates mammary glands to secrete milk |
front 26 negative feedback | back 26 response reduces the initial stimulus (helps restore a preexisting state) |
front 27 positive feedback | back 27 reinforces a stimulus, leads to a greater response (amplifies both the stimulus and the response) |
front 28 pituitary gland | back 28 gland located at the base of the hypothalamus, comprised of two fused glands that preform different functions, receives signals from the hypothalamus |
front 29 posterior pituitary | back 29 extension of hypothalamus, neurohormones produced by hypothalamus secreted here |
front 30 anterior pituitary | back 30 endocrine gland that synthesizes and secretes hormones in response to hormones from the hypothalmus |