front 1 Phylum Arthropoda | back 1 Arthropods are the most successful animal phylum in terms of species diversity, distribution, and sheer numbers coelomate body segmentation( modified metamerism) hard exoskel jointed appendages |
front 2 Arthropodia segmentation | back 2 often fuse into three tagmata (anatomical areas) in the adult stage head- contains segments with feeding and sensory activities abdomen- contains segments with locomotor and or reproductive activities |
front 3 cephalothorax | back 3 head and thoracic segments fused |
front 4 the body of an arthropod is completely covered by the | back 4 cuticle |
front 5 an exoskeleton of arthropod is made out of | back 5 protein and chitin |
front 6 exoskeleton | back 6 strong, protects the animal and provides points of attachment for the muscles that move appendages. thick and inflexible in some regions, such as crab claws, and think and flexible in others, such as joints |
front 7 ecdysis | back 7 in order to grow, an arthropod must molt its old exoskeleton and secrete a larger one leaves the animal temporarily vulnerable to predators and other dangers its relative impermeability to water helps prevent desiccation and provides support on land arthropods moved to land after the colonization of land by plants and fungi |
front 8 Respiration | back 8 terrestrial arthropods generally have internal surfaces specialized for gas exchange. For example, insects have tracheal systems, branched air ducts leading into the interior from pores in the cuticle. |
front 9 Subphylum Chelicerata | back 9 Limulus- horseshoe crab Argiope- garden spider |
front 10 Limulus- horseshoe crab Argiope- garden spider both contain one pair of_______ and one pair of ______. ________ and ________ are absent | back 10 Both contain one pair of chelicerae, one pair of pedipalps. Antennae and mandibles are ABSENT. |
front 11 Subphylum Crustacea | back 11 Cabarus- crayfish |
front 12 Cabarus- crayfish found where? contain two pairs of ______, 1 pair of ________ | back 12 primarily found in aquatic environments. contain two pairs of antennae, one pair of mandibles |
front 13 Class insecta | back 13 Romalea- grasshoper |
front 14 Romalea- grasshoper found? contain one pair______ and one pair_______ | back 14 they are found in terrestrial environments. contain one pair of antennae and one pair of mandibles |
front 15 CRAYFISH ANATOMY gills used for what? located where? | back 15 feathery gills like under the lateral extensions of a large, expanded exoskeletal plate called the carapace |
front 16 carpace | back 16 expanded exoskeletal plate |
front 17 small angular structure located just under the carpace near the posterior portion of the thorax | back 17 heart |
front 18 Internal anatomy of crayfish | back 18 large digestive glands fill much of the body cavity. the intestine extends from the stomach through the tain to the anus. the green glands lie near the brain in the head. |
front 19 thin threads leading out from the heart | back 19 arteries |
front 20 When blood collects in sinuses around the heart, the heart relaxes and these holes open to allow the heart to fill blood. the holes then close and the blood is pumped through the arteries which distribute it around the body. blood seeps back to the heat, since no veins are present | back 20 open circulatory system |
front 21 green glands | back 21 excretory organs long tubular structures that resemble nephridia but are compacted into a glandular mass. Waste and excess water pass from these glads to the outside of the body through pores at the base of the antennae on the head. |
front 22 brain | back 22 lies in the midline with nerves extending posteriorly fusing to form central nerve chord |
front 23 How does the pattern of segmentation differ in the crayfish and the earthworm | back 23 crayfish has 3 distinct parts while the earthworm has septa that divides the body cavity |
front 24 metamerism | back 24 condition in which body parts are repeated serially along the longitudinal axis of the body. analids and arthropods |
front 25 since all of the appendages of an animal such as the crayfish are believed to have evolved from the same basic ancestral structure they are said to be _____ | back 25 homologous |
front 26 because each appendage is homologous to the others on the animal, they demonstrate | back 26 serial homology |
front 27 ABDOMEN APPENDAGES | back 27 uropods, swimmerets |
front 28 uropods | back 28 1 pair on abdomen biramous appendages that together with the medial telson make up the tail fan which is used in rapid escape movements and in fanning the eggs and young |
front 29 swimmerets | back 29 5 pairs on abdomen biramous, used for swimming anterior two pairs are modified as copulatory organs in the male their grooves direct sperm into the female's seminal receptacle. In the female, the swimmerets are also used t hold the fertilized eggs for incubation |
front 30 THORAX APPENDAGES | back 30 walking legs maxillipeds |
front 31 walking legs | back 31 5 pairs on throax uniramous; all but the last also bear gills the first pair are the chelipeds and bear the large pincers (chelae) the second and third pair also possess small pincers at their tips |
front 32 maxillipeds | back 32 3 on thorax biramous; used in food handling and chemosensation. The last two pairs have gills attached |
front 33 HEAD APPENDAGES | back 33 Maxillae Mandibles antennae antennules |
front 34 Maxillae | back 34 2 pairs on head biramous; used for food handling second pair bears gill bailers which generate respiratory water currents through the gill chambers |
front 35 mandibles | back 35 1 pair on head uniramous shred food for swallowing |
front 36 antennae | back 36 1 pair biramous; chemosensation nephridiopore drains the green gland |
front 37 antennules | back 37 1 pair on head biramous chemosensation equilibrium |
front 38 SUBPHYLUM CRUSTACEA | back 38 most marine, some freshwater, few terrestrial free living even though some are parasitic |
front 39 bodies of crustacean consist of two tagmata | back 39 cephalothorax, abdomen |
front 40 cephalothorax | back 40 covered by a caprice and contains appendages used in sensing moving and feeding contains two pairs of antennae, one pair of mandibles, 5 pairs of walking legs |
front 41 abdomen | back 41 visceral functions contains appendages used in moving |
front 42 all crustaceans have two pairs of ______, 2 pairs of _____, a pair of ______, and a pair of ______ ____ commonly found on stalks | back 42 2 pairs of antennae, 2 pairs of maxillae, a pair of mandibles, pair of compound eyes |
front 43 maxillla | back 43 one of the constituents of crustacean mouth parts lie just behind the jaws and aid with detection and manipulation of food |
front 44 serial homology | back 44 arthropods evolved from an annelid-like ancestor containing identical appendages during this evolutionary process some metameres and appendages became specialized to accomplish different roles the appendages are thus said to have serial homology. they are homologous since they are evolved from the same ancestral structures and serial since they are metameric |
front 45 CLASS INSECTA | back 45 grasshopper (romalea) only winged invertebrates most successful species are small in size and have a great reproductive capacity terrestrial |
front 46 what sets insects apart from crustaceans | back 46 insects have one pair of antennae and crustaceans have 2 pairs |
front 47 Insect body plan | back 47 have one pair of antennae and one pair of mandibles |
front 48 thorax | back 48 usually has three pairs of walking legs and one or two pairs of wings |
front 49 abdomen contains | back 49 most internal organs and specialized structure for reproduction |
front 50 insects have | back 50 3 part gut |
front 51 insects have what kind of appendages | back 51 unbranched appendages |
front 52 Insect bodies divided into three_____ | back 52 tagmata head: containing appendages used in sensing and feeding thorax: containing appendages used in moving abdomen: containing no appendages and having visceral functions |
front 53 Respiration in insects | back 53 uses a system of internal tubes- tracheae and sacs delivering oxygen directly to cells. Air is taken in through openings called spiracles (small openings in elastic air tubes) |
front 54 digestive tract | back 54 narrow esophagus leading from the mouth expands into a large crop used for food storage |
front 55 crop empties into | back 55 stomach where digestion takes place |
front 56 gastric pouches ceca | back 56 six pairs of these fingerlike extensions that connect to the digestive tract where the crop and the stomach meet. these pouches secrete digestive enzymes and aid in food absorption. |
front 57 food passes from the stomach to the | back 57 intestine then into the rectum and out the anus |
front 58 hemocoel | back 58 space between the body walk and the digestive tract |
front 59 excretion in insects | back 59 accomplished via Malpighian tubules |
front 60 Malpighian tubules | back 60 blind ending tube like appendages of the intestine that open at the border between the mid and hindgut as the hemolymph circulates in the hemocoel near these malpighian tubules, the uric acid is actively transported and discharged into the hindgut, from where the excretory products are passed with the feces |
front 61 SUBPHYLUM CHELICERATA | back 61 named for clawlike feeding appendages called chelicerae which serve as pinchers or fangs. In their cephalothorax they contain one pair of chelicerae. this is followed by one pair of pedipalps and 4 pairs of walking legs. lack antennae and mandibles limulus- horseshoe crab argiope- garden spider |
front 62 Bodies of chelicerata are divided into two magmata | back 62 cephalothorax- locomotor, sensory, feeding appendages abdomen- visceral functions |
front 63 Horseshoe crabs | back 63 do not have hemoglobin but rather hemocyanin to carry oxygen in their blood |
front 64 horseshoe crab blood contains | back 64 amebocytes which can be harvested for medical applications |
front 65 Horseshoe crab exoskeleton | back 65 tough and leathery must be molted periodically as the animal grows divided into two regions: cephalathorax, abdomen |
front 66 cephalothroax, abdomen | back 66 bears six pairs of spines along the sides and on its ventral side has six pairs of flat, plate-like appendages. |
front 67 carpace | back 67 covering the cephalothorax dorsally and laterally hard concave below and convex above |
front 68 chelicerae | back 68 small used for food manipulation 1st pair of appendages |
front 69 pedipalps | back 69 second pair of appendages |
front 70 walking legs, chelae | back 70 next 4 pairs |
front 71 gnathobases, chilaria | back 71 all appendages except the chelicerae have spiny masticatory processes called this on the basal segments. the chelae of the appendages pick up food and pass it to the gnathobases. between the last pair of walking legs is a small rudimentary pair of appendages called the chilaria. |
front 72 genital operculum | back 72 houses openings of the genital pores |
front 73 Genital pores | back 73 2 on the underside of operculum |
front 74 telson | back 74 tail used for bracing when the animal is burrowing or plowing through the sand or in righting itself when turned over anus located ventrally at the proximal end |
front 75 book gills, lamellae | back 75 leaf like folds in life the plates and lamellae fan back and forth like the pages of a book in a breeze. because of this characteristic the collective structures are called book gills. |
front 76 simple and compound eyes | back 76 later cpd eyes median simple eyes |
front 77 Spiders inject | back 77 poison from glands on the chelicerae to immobilize their prey which chewing their prey, spill digestive juices into the tissues and suck up the liquid meal |
front 78 Arachnid cephalothorax has | back 78 6 pairs of appendages -4 pairs of walking legs -pair of pedipalps function in sensing or feeding chelicerae usually function in feeding |
front 79 how is gas exchange carried out in spiders | back 79 book lungs |
front 80 silk protein | back 80 produced as a liquid by abdominal glands and spun by spinnerets into fibers that solidify |
front 81 exoskel | back 81 hard, thin, chitinous, somewhat flexible |
front 82 tagmata | back 82 cephalothorax and abdomen which includes the pedicel (slender waist) |
front 83 cephalothorax | back 83 spiders do not have compound eyes they have 6 to 8 ocelli (simple eyes) which can't detect motion so they rely more on tactile cues |
front 84 sensory hairs | back 84 all parts of body have |
front 85 fangs | back 85 2 used to eject poison from its poison gland |
front 86 pedipalps | back 86 6 joined and sed for gripping prey in the male it is modified as an intermittent organ to transfer sperm to the female basal parts are used to squeeze and chew food |
front 87 walking legs | back 87 4 pairs each leg is made up of seven segments as follows : coxa, trochanter, femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus tarsus has claws and a tuft of sensory hairs at its terminal end |
front 88 gas exchange | back 88 occurs between the blood circulating inside the lamellae and the air flowing in the spaces between the lamellae |
front 89 tracheal spiracles | back 89 opening into a small chamber from which tracheal tubes extend into the body |
front 90 epigynum | back 90 a chitinous plate which is located on the ventral mid line between the spiracle, conceals the female genital pore 3 pairs of spinnerets on a raised surface |
front 91 book lungs | back 91 held apart by bars so that there are always air spaces between them |
front 92 complete metamorphosis | back 92 passage through 3 different stages larva hatches out of the egg feeds and grows undergoing several molts after the larva reaches maximum size, it molts and immediately undergoes a transformation into a non feeding stationary pupa. pupal case splits open and the adult emerges |
front 93 pupa | back 93 radical reorganization occurs. most of the larval tissues are broken down completely and replaced by adult structures concurrently formed from the division and differentiation of strategically situated clusters of embryonic cells called imaginal discs. clusters were formed in the embryo but remain undifferentiated during the larval stage |
front 94 incomplete metamorphosis | back 94 the immature form that somewhat resembles the adult transforms stepwise with each molt to reach the adult form. adult never molts |
front 95 larva | back 95 wormlike |
front 96 nymph | back 96 resembles the adult but its head is disproportionately large and its wings are rudimentary. as it feeds and grows it molts and with each molt it more closely approximates the adult form. finally after the last molt it is an adult with fully functional wings and a reproductive system. |
front 97 naiad | back 97 in aquatic species the naiad, as the immature stage is called, looks less like the adult and usually has modifications like gills for aquatic life. Otherwise its development proceeds as for terrestrial species. ex:odonata (dragonflies) and Ephemeroptera (mayflies) |
front 98 exoskeleton | back 98 all insects have a exoskel composed of chitin and proteins which have been made tough and rigid through a chemical process called sclerotization. |