front 1 List the diseases caused by viruses | back 1 AIDS, hepatitis, encephalitis, rabies, colds, warts, or chicken pox. |
front 2 Bacteria are helpful to humans in what ways? | back 2 it helps digest our foods, and its used to treat some bacterial infections |
front 3 Viruses and bacteria both contain what? | back 3 DNA |
front 4 the bubonic plaque epidemic was induced by? | back 4 from animals, rats with fleas. |
front 5 Once a prion enters a nerve cell, it essentially becomes? | back 5 self-propagating, one prion produces another and so on. |
front 6 what is the function of the lymph nodes? | back 6 they remove microorganisms, cellular debris, and abnormal cells from the lymph before returning it to the cardiovascular system. |
front 7 what is located in the tonsils that filters out many of the microorganisms that enter the throat? | back 7 lymphocytes |
front 8 skin is able to prevent most microorganisms from entering the body by? | back 8 its structure, the fact that it is constantly being replaced, and its acidic pH and the production of an antibiotic by sweat glands |
front 9 why do doctors advise patients with a bladder infection to drink cranberry juice? | back 9 because its acidic and will kill the bacteria. |
front 10 physical and chemical berriers that form the bodys first line of defense against pathogens include? | back 10 defenses include, tears, saliva, earwax, digestive and vaginal acids and mucus |
front 11 antibodies are generated by? | back 11 B cells |
front 12 the release of chemicals from injured cells triggers histamine release from? | back 12 it binds to the IgE antibodies on mast cells and basophils which causes them to release histamine. mast cells |
front 13 what are the steps involved in the process of phagocytosis? | back 13 a phagocyte first captures a bacterium with its cytoplasmic extensions then it draws the bacterium in, engulfing it. and enclosing it in a membrane-bound vesicle. the vesicle fuses with lysosomes, and the powerful enzymes in the lysosomes dissolve the bacterial membranes. once digestive is complete, the phagocyte jettisons the bacterial wastes by exocytosis. |
front 14 what leukocytes are most likely to be directly involved in the destruction of flukes? | back 14 eosinophils |
front 15 what leukocyte kills its target cells by releasing chemicals that break down the target cell membrane? | back 15 macrophages |
front 16 what is the common type of immunoglobin? | back 16 IgG |
front 17 what type of cell is responsible for producing and releasing antibodies is? | back 17 B cells |
front 18 once a macrophage engulfs a bacterium what is the fate of the foreign cell? | back 18 its destroyed or dies |
front 19 what antibody would most likely be involved with the immune response against microorganism entering the digestive or reproductive tract? | back 19 IgG |
front 20 during cytotoxic T cells attack of a target cell, what is released to pierce the cell membrane of the foreign cell, which ultimately kills the target cell? | back 20 chemicals |
front 21 what T cell is a critical component of the immune system because it stimulates and enhances the activity of other components of the immune system? | back 21 helper T cell |
front 22 what chemical is released by cytotoxic T cells is used to treat hepatitis C? | back 22 gamma interferon |
front 23 what antibody activates the inflammatory response by causing the release of histamine? | back 23 mast cell |
front 24 vaccines contain? | back 24 dead or weakened pathogens |
front 25 any substance that produces an inappropriate response of the immune system is referred to as? | back 25 alergen |
front 26 passive immunity differs from active immunity in the passive immunity? | back 26 protection is not as long lasting. it cant confer long-term immunity against a second exposure because the persons own b cells aren't activated and so memory cells for the pathogen do not develop. |
front 27 HIV is classified as a retrovirus because it makes? | back 27 a copy of its self |
front 28 what body fluid does not transmit HIV from human to human? | back 28 saliva |
front 29 what best describes phase 1 of HIV infection? | back 29 flu like symptoms are present. t cells population may decline. it is undetected in most cases. |
front 30 what antiviral drug is used to cure HIV/AIDS | back 30 antiretroviral drugs |
front 31 lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disorder in which the body attacks? | back 31 its own connective tissue |