front 1 Identify the major fluid compartments in the body and examples | back 1 Intracellular (ICF) Extracellular (ECF)
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front 2 Describe how body water content changes as a person ages. | back 2 High body water content as a baby and it gradually declines as you get older. |
front 3 Compare body water content between genders | back 3 More in male than in the female because women have more fat or adipose and men have more muscle which has more fluid than fat. |
front 4 Define an electrolyte and how electrolyte concentrations in the body are expressed. | back 4 Electrolytes are chemical compounds that do dissociate into ions in water. Expressed in Milliequivalents/Liter (mEq/L), measure of the number of electrical charges in 1 liter of solution. |
front 5 Describe the distribution of electrolytes in ICF and ECF. What are the major intracellular electrolytes? The major extracellular electrolytes | back 5 K+ is largest in intracellular inside of cell also phosphate because used for ATP Na+ CL- extracellular outside of cell mostly |
front 6 Describe fluid movement among compartments | back 6 Water moves freely to and from Plasma into Interstitial space and to and from Intracellular. Plasma cannot "jump" to Intracellular, must go through Interstitial space first! |
front 7 Describe major sources of water intake and output | back 7 We get most of our water intake through drinking than eating than metabolism. We lose the most in urine, insensible losses skin and lung, sweat than feces |
front 8 Describe the thirst mechanism | back 8 These 3 stimuli activates the hypothalamic thirst center (TC) in the brain.
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front 9 Describe how ADH is related to water output. Where does ADH target? | back 9 ADH is related to water out put because, ____________________________________ Question 9 Describe how ADH is related to water output. Where does ADH target? ADH determines the amount of water the Kidney withholds in the blood or excretes in the urine. ADH targets the cells of the tubules and collecting ducts. Note: With more fluid being reabsorbed the blood volume increases while the solutes concentration becomes more diluted. ____________ |
front 10 List 4 Mechanisms that regulate Water Homeostasis. | back 10
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front 11 What does ADH do? | back 11 Reabsorbs water to make the urine more concentrated |
front 12 What is Dehydration? | back 12 Cells shrink due to loss of water. You lose more water than what you are gaining, so there is a shortage and ADH is activated. |
front 13 Describe disorders of water balance: Dehydration Slide 35 | back 13 Diabetes mellitus (hypertonic filtrate) Diabetes insipidis (low insulin) Hypovolemic shock Hyperthermia
Causes of Dehydration: Hemorrhage, diarrhea, burns, vomiting, sweating, deprivation. |
front 14 What is Hypotonic hydration? | back 14 "More" water input than water output. Occurs within the Intracellular fluid (ICF), inside the cell. Too much water will dilute electrolytes. |
front 15 Describe disorders of water balance: Hypotonic hydration | back 15 Hyponatremia (low Na+ concentration) drinking lots of h2O, but losing Na+ in sweat Cerebral Edema Convulsions Coma Death |
front 16 What is Edema? | back 16 Edema is "too much" water in the extracellular fluid (ECF) that causes tissue to swell. Will block the lymphatic system. |
front 17 Describe disorders of water balance: Edema | back 17 Lymphatic Filariasis Disease
Blocked Lymphatic vessels
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front 18 Describe the 4 mechanisms that regulate water balance | back 18 If fluid osmolarity increases 1-2 % or if blood volume drops by 10% BP goes down which in turn activates.
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front 19 Describe how aldosterone and ANP affects sodium and water balance | back 19 Aldosterone draws in sodium to be reabsorbed in the DCT, which allows water to follow. Slide 29 ___________________________ |
front 20 Describe how aldosterone affects potassium balance | back 20 Aldosterone influences K+ secretion into the filtrate by stimulating the cells to reabsorb Na+, while enhancing K+ secretion. As a result, K+ controls its own concentration within the ECF via feedback regulation on aldosterone release. Pg 1003 |
front 21 ID the target of aldosterone. | back 21 Aldosterone regulates water homeostasis by secretion (blood loss) to increase blood volume. Aldosterone targets kidney tubules. It increases Na+ reabsorption and increases K+ secretion. Slide 22 |
front 22 Describe what hormones regulate Calcium/phosphate balance in the body and their targets | back 22 The parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases Ca+ reabsorption by the renal tubules while decreasing phosphate ion reabsorption. Pg 1003 This enhances the blood Ca+ levels by targeting the bones, kidneys, and intestine. Pg 1015 section 12/13- Regulation of Calcium/Phosphate Balance in Summary section. |
front 23 Describe the normal pH of arterial blood, urine, intracellular fluid, stomach and intestine | back 23 Arterial blood- 7.35-7.45 Urine-6.0-8.0 Intracellular fluid-7.0 Stomach -2.0 Intestine-8.0 |
front 24 Define acidosis and alkalosis | back 24 Acidosis - a drop in arterial blood pH below 7.35 Alkalosis - a pH of arterial blood that rises above 7.45 |
front 25 Describe the effect of H+ and HCO3- ions on pH of a solution | back 25 The higher the hydrogen then it is more acidic The higher the bicarbonate then it is more basic or alkaline and vice versa |
front 26 Describe the 3 ways the body can regulate H+ concentration in the blood. | back 26
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front 27 Describe the 3 chemical buffer systems and give their locations in the body | back 27 Bicarbonate buffer
Phosphate buffer
Protein buffer (Can act as acid or base)
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front 28 Describe the influence of the respiratory system on acid-base balance. | back 28 Respiratory system alters carbonic acid (H+) to gain or lose, which changes respiration depth/rate (Hypo/Hyper ventilation) to eliminate CO2 |
front 29 Describe how the kidneys regulate hydrogen and bicarbonate ion concentrations in the blood | back 29 Secreted hydrogen ions come from the dissociation of carbonic acid generated within the tubule cells. To counteract alkalosis, bicarbonate ion is secreted into the filtrate and H+ is reabsorbed. Pg 1015 section 13 under renal Mechanisms of acid-base baance in Summary section. |
front 30 Describe metabolic and respiration acidosis | back 30 Metabolic acidosis is HCO3 reduction, acid build-up
Respiration acidosis is CO2 buildup, poor gas exchange
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front 31 Describe metabolic and respiratory alkalosis | back 31 Metabolic alkalosis is loss of acid, build-up of HCO3
Respiration alkalosis is hyperventilation, CO2 reduction
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front 32 Describe metabolic and respiratory compensation. | back 32
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front 33 Name imbalances (too high or too low) of sodium, potassium, phosphate, chloride, calcium and magnesium | back 33 We don't need answer's below |
front 34 potassium imbalance disorders: | back 34 Potassium HYPERKALEMIA.Hyperkalemiamay becaused byketoacidosis(diabeticcoma),myocardialinfarction (heart attack),severeburns,kidneyfailure,fasting,bulimianervosa,gastrointestinalbleeding,adrenalinsufficiency, orAddison'sdisease.Diureticdrugs,cyclosporin,lithium,heparin,ACEinhibitors,beta blockers,andtrimethoprimcanincreaseserumpotassiumlevels, ascanheavyexercise.Theconditionmayalso besecondary tohypernatremia(lowserumconcentrations ofsodium).Symptomsmayinclude:
HYPOKALEMIA.Severedehydration,aldosteronism,Cushing'ssyndrome,kidneydisease,long-termdiuretictherapy,certainpenicillins,laxativeabuse,congestiveheart failure,andadrenalglandimpairmentscanallcausedepletion ofpotassiumlevels inthebloodstream. Asubstanceknown asglycyrrhetinicacid,which isfound inlicoriceandchewingtobacco,canalsodepletepotassiumserumlevels.Symptoms ofhypokalemiainclude:
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front 35 Calcium imbalance | back 35 Calcium HYPERCALCEMIA.Bloodcalciumlevelsmay beelevated incases ofthyroiddisorder,multiple myeloma,metastaticcancer,multiplebonefractures,milk-alkalisyndrome,andPaget'sdisease.Excessiveuse ofcalcium-containingsupplementsandcertainover-the-countermedications(i.e.,antacids)mayalsocausehypercalcemia. Ininfants,lesserknowncausesmayincludebluediapersyndrome,Williamssyndrome,secondaryhyperparathyroidismfrommaternalhypocalcemia,anddietaryphosphatedeficiency.Symptomsinclude:
HYPOCALCEMIA.Thyroiddisorders,kidneyfailure,severeburns,sepsis,vitamin Ddeficiency,andmedicationssuch asheparinandglucogancandepletebloodcalciumlevels.Loweredlevelscause:
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front 36 magnesium imbalance: | back 36 Magnesium HYPERMAGNESEMIA.Excessivemagnesiumlevelsmayoccurwithend-stagerenaldisease,Addison'sdisease, or anoverdose ofmagnesiumsalts.Hypermagnesemia ischaracterizedby:
HYPOMAGNESEMIA.Inadequatedietaryintake ofmagnesium,oftencaused bychronicalcoholism ormalnutrition, is acommoncause ofhypomagnesemia.Othercausesincludemalabsorptionsyndromes,pancreatitis,aldosteronism,burns,hyperparathyroidism,digestivesystemdisorders,anddiureticuse.Symptoms oflowserummagnesiumlevelsinclude:
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front 37 Chloride disorder: | back 37 Chloride HYPERCHLOREMIA.Severedehydration,kidneyfailure,hemodialysis,traumaticbraininjury,andaldosteronismcanalsocausehyperchloremia.Drugssuch asboricacidandammoniumchlorideandtheintravenous(IV)infusion ofsodiumchloridecanalsoboostchloridelevels,resulting inhyperchloremicmetabolic acidosis.Symptomsinclude:
HYPOCHLOREMIA. Hypochloremia usually occurs as a result of sodium and potassium depletion (i.e., hyponatremia, hypokalemia). Severe depletion of serum chloride levels causes metabolic alkalosis.Thisalkalization ofthebloodstream ischaracterizedby:
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front 38 phosphate disorder: | back 38 Phosphate HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA.Skeletalfractures ordisease,kidneyfailure,hypoparathyroidism,hemodialysis,diabeticketoacidosis,acromegaly,systemicinfection,andintestinalobstructioncanallcausephosphateretentionandbuild-up intheblood.Thedisorderoccursconcurrentlywithhypocalcemia.Individualswithmildhyperphosphatemiaaretypicallyasymptomatic,butsigns ofseverehyperphosphatemiainclude:
HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA.Serumphosphatelevels of 2mg/dL orbelowmay becaused byhypomagnesemiaandhypokalemia.Severeburns,alcoholism,diabetic ketoacidosis,kidneydisease,hyperparathyroidism,hypothyroidism,Cushing'ssyndrome,malnutrition,hemodialysis,vitamin D deficiency,andprolongeddiuretictherapycanalsodiminishbloodphosphatelevels.Therearetypicallyfewphysicalsigns ofmildphosphatedepletion.Symptoms ofseverehypophosphatemiainclude:
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