front 1 Pathology | back 1 is the scientific study of disease |
front 2 etiology | back 2 the study of the cause of a disease. |
front 3 pathogenesis | back 3 the manner in which a disease develops |
front 4 infection | back 4 - the growth of microorganisms in the body - the invasion or colonization of the body by pathogenic microorganisms - the presence of a particular type of microorganisms in a part of the body where it is not normally found |
front 5 disease | back 5 - an abnormal state in which part of all of the body is not properly adjusted or is incapable of performing normal functions - occurs when an infection results in any change of a state of health. |
front 6 normal microbiota | back 6 - the microoorganisms that colonize a host without causing disease - aka normal flora |
front 7 transient microbiota | back 7 - the microorganisms that are present in am animal for a short time without causing diease - may be present for several days, weeks, or months, and then disappear |
front 8 microbial antagonism | back 8 - growth of some microbes prevents the growth of other microbes - normal microbiota protect the host against colonization by potentially pathogenic microbes by competing for nutrients, producing substances harmful to the invading microbes. - aka competitive exclusion |
front 9 symbiosis | back 9 - the living together of two different organisms or populations -a relationship between two organisms in which at least one organism is dependent on the other |
front 10 commensalism | back 10 a symbiotic relationship in which two organisms live in association and one is benefited while the other is neither benefited nor harmed. |
front 11 mutualism | back 11 a symbiotic relationship in which both organisms or populations are benefited |
front 12 probiotics | back 12 - live microbial cultures applied to or ingested that are intended to exert a beneficial effect - probiotics may be administered with prebiotics, which are chemicals that selectively promote the growth of beneficial bacteria. |
front 13 parasitism | back 13 - a symbiotic relationship in which one organisms exploits another without providing any benefits in return - one organisms benefits by deriving nutrients at the expense of the other - many disease-causing bacteria are parasites |
front 14 opportunistic pathogens | back 14 a microorganism that does not ordinarily cause a disease but can become pathogenic under certain circumstances. |
front 15 Koch's postulates | back 15 - criteria used to determine the causative agent of infectious disease 1) the same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease 2) the pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture 3) the pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated in a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal 4) The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism . |
front 16 symptoms | back 16 - changes in body functions - a change in body function that is felt by a patients as a result of a disease |
front 17 sign | back 17 a change due to a disease that a person can observe and measure |
front 18 syndrome | back 18 a specific group of sings or symptoms that accompany a disease |
front 19 communicable disease | back 19 any disease that can be spread from one host to another, either directly or indirecly |
front 20 contagious disease | back 20 a disease that is easily spread from one person to another |
front 21 noncommunicable disease | back 21 a disease that is not transmitted from one person to another. |
front 22 incidence | back 22 the fraction of the population that contracts a disease during a particular period of time |
front 23 prevalence | back 23 - number of people in a populate who develop a disease at a specific time, regardless of when it first appeared - takes into account both old and new cases |
front 24 sporadic disease | back 24 a disease that occurs occasionally in a population |
front 25 endemic disease | back 25 a disease constantly present in a population |
front 26 epidemic disease | back 26 a disease acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time |
front 27 pandemic disease | back 27 epidemic disease that occurs worldwide |
front 28 acute disease | back 28 develops rapidly but lasts only a short time |
front 29 chronic disease | back 29 develops more slowly, and the body's reactions may be less sever, but the disease is likely to continue or reoccur for long periods. |
front 30 subacute disease | back 30 a disease with symptoms that are intermediate between acute and chronic. |
front 31 latent disease | back 31 a disease in which the causative agent remains inactive for a time but then becomes active to produce symptoms of the disease |
front 32 herd immunity | back 32 the presence of immunity in most of a population |
front 33 local infection | back 33 an infection in which pathogens are limned to a small area of the body |
front 34 systemic (generalized) infections | back 34 - an infection throughout the body - microorganism or their products are spread throughout the body by the blood or lymph |
front 35 focal infection | back 35 - a systemic infection that began as an infection in one place - Agents of a local infection enter a blood or lymphatic vessel and spread to other specific areas of the body - can arise from infections in areas such as the teeth, tonsils, or sinuses. |
front 36 Sepsis | back 36 - a toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes - the presence of a toxin or pathogenic organism in the blood and tissue |
front 37 Septicemia | back 37 -systemic infection arising from the multiplication of pathogens in the blood - the proliferation of pathogens in the blood, accompanied by fever; sometimes causes organ damage - common example of sepsis - aka blood poisoning |
front 38 bacteremia | back 38 - presents of bacteria in the blood |
front 39 Toxemia | back 39 presents of toxin in the blood |
front 40 viremia | back 40 presence of viruses in the blood |
front 41 primary infection | back 41 - an acute infection that causes the initial illness |
front 42 secondary infection | back 42 - cause by an opportunistic pathogen after the primary infection has weakened the body's defenses. |
front 43 subclinical (inapparent) infection | back 43 - an infection that does not cause any noticeable illness |
front 44 predisposing factor | back 44 - makes the body more susceptible to a disease and/or may alter the course of the disease |
front 45 incubation period (1st development of disease) | back 45 - the interval between the initial infection and the first appearance of any signs of symptoms. - no signs or symptoms - the time of incubation depends on the specific microorganism involved, its virulence, the number of infecting microorganism, and the resistance of the host. |
front 46 prodromal period (2nd development of disease | back 46 - relatively short period that follows the period of incubation in some disease - characterized by early, mild symptoms of disease |
front 47 Period of illness (3rd development of disease) | back 47 - the disease is most sever - exhibits overt signs and symptoms of disease - most sever signs and symptoms |
front 48 period of decline (4th development of disease) | back 48 - signs and symptoms subside - vulnerable to secondary infections |
front 49 period of convalescence (5th development of disease) | back 49 - regains strength and the body returns to its prediseased state. |
front 50 reservoir of infection | back 50 -a continual source of infection |
front 51 carriers | back 51 organisms (usually refers to humans) that harbor pathogens and transmit them to others. |
front 52 zoonoses | back 52 diseases that occur primarily in wile and domestic animals and ca be transmitted to humans. |
front 53 contact transmission | back 53 spread of agent of disease by direct contact, indirect contract, or droplet transmission |
front 54 Direct contact transmission | back 54 - is the direct transmission of an agent by physical contact between its source and a susceptible host - no intermediate object is involved - aka person-to-person |
front 55 Indirect contact transmission | back 55 - occurs when the agent of disease is transmitted from its reservoir to a susceptible host by means of a nonliving object |
front 56 fomite | back 56 a nonliving object that can spread disease |
front 57 droplet transmission | back 57 - which microbes are spread in droplet nuclei (mucus droplets) that travel only a short distance - disease agents that travel short distances are not regarded as airborne transmission |
front 58 Vehicle transmission | back 58 - transmission of disease agents by a medium, such as water, food, or air. - other media include blood and other body fluids,drugs, and intravenous fluids |
front 59 waterborne transmission | back 59 pathogens are usually spread by water contaminated with untreated or poorly treated sewage |
front 60 foodborne transmission | back 60 pathogens are generally transmitted in foods that are incompletely cooked, poorly refrigerated, or prepared under unsanitary conditions. |
front 61 airborne transmission | back 61 spread of agents of infection by droplet nuclei in dust that travel more than 1 meter from the reservoir to the host. |
front 62 vectors | back 62 animals that carry pathogens from one host to another |
front 63 mechanical transmission | back 63 passive transport of the pathogens on the insect's feet, or other body parts. |
front 64 Biological transmission | back 64 - the transmission of a pathogen from one host to another when the pathogen reproduces in the vector. - arthropod bites an infected person or animal and ingests some of the infected blood. |
front 65 nosocomial infection | back 65 - an infection that develops during the course of a hospital stay and was not present at the time the patient was admitted. |
front 66 Nosocomial infection result from the interaction of several factors: | back 66 1) microorganisms in the hospital environment 2) the compromised (or weakened) status of the host 3) the chain of transmission in the hospital |
front 67 compromised host | back 67 - a host whose resistance to infection is impaired. - two principal conditions can compromise the host: broken skin or mucous membranes, and a suppressed immune system. |
front 68 emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) | back 68 a new or changing disease that is increasing or has the potential to increase in incidence in the near future. |
front 69 epidemiology | back 69 the science that studies when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted |
front 70 descriptive epidemiology | back 70 - entails collecting all data that describe the occurrence of the disease under study. - relevant information usually includes information about the affected individuals and the place and period in which the disease occurred. |
front 71 Analytical epidemiology | back 71 - analyzes a particular disease to determine its probable cause - case control method: the epidemiologist looks for factors that might have preceded the disease. - cohort method: epidemiologist studies two population: one that has had contact with the agent causing a disease and another that has now. |
front 72 Experimental epidemiology | back 72 -begins with a hypothesis about a particular disease; experiments to test the hypothesis are then conducted with a group of people |
front 73 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) | back 73 - a branch of the U.S. Public Health Service located in Atlanta, Georgia, is a central source of epidemiological information in the United States. |
front 74 Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) | back 74 - CDC issues a publication - is read by microbiologists, physicians, and other hospital and public health professional. - contains data on morbidity and mortality |
front 75 morbidity | back 75 the incidence of specific notifiable diseases |
front 76 mortality | back 76 the number of deaths from these diseases |
front 77 notifiable infectious diseases | back 77 are diseases for which physicians are required by law to report cases in the U.S. Public Health service. |
front 78 Morbidity rate | back 78 the number of people affected by a disease in a given period of time in relation to the total population |
front 79 Mortality rate | back 79 the number of deaths resulting from a disease in a population in a given period of time in relation to the total population |