front 1 What is the delivery system of dynamic structures that begins and ends at the heart? | back 1 Blood vessels |
front 2 What type of blood vessel carries blood away from the heart | back 2 Arteries |
front 3 Is the blood carried by arteries oxygenated or de-oxygenated? | back 3 Oxygenated |
front 4 Name the exceptions in arteries - the areas where the blood carried by arteries is NOT oxygenated. | back 4 pulmonary circulation and umbilical vessels of the fetus |
front 5 Which blood vessels are contact tissue cells that directly serve cellular needs? | back 5 Capillaries |
front 6 Which blood vessels care blood from cells and organs towards the heart? | back 6 Veins |
front 7 How many layers to arteries and veins have? | back 7 Three |
front 8 What is the central blood-containing space in arteries and veins? | back 8 Lumen |
front 9 How many layers do capillaries have? | back 9 One |
front 10 What is the layer of capillaries called? | back 10 Endothelium wiht a sparse basal lamina |
front 11 What are the layers of arteries and veins called? | back 11 Tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima |
front 12 What is the tunica media composed of? | back 12 smooth muscle and sheets of elastin |
front 13 What controls vasoconstriction and vasodilation in the tunica media of vessels? | back 13 sympathetic vasomotor nerve fibers |
front 14 What is the tunica externa composed of? | back 14 collagen fibers that protect and reinforce |
front 15 In the tunica externa of larger vessels, what helps nourish the external layer? | back 15 vasa vasorum (arteries supply artery, vessel supplies vessel) |
front 16 What are the types of arteries? | back 16 Elastic (conducting) and Muscular (distributing) |
front 17 What is located in all three tunics of elastic arteries? | back 17 elastin |
front 18 What are the elastic/conducting arteries? | back 18 aorta and its major branches |
front 19 The elastic arteries give rise to branches called? | back 19 muscular arteries |
front 20 What do the muscular/distributing arteries and arterioles do? | back 20 deliver blood to body organs; active in vasoconstriction |
front 21 What are the smallest arteries that lead to capillary beds? | back 21 arterioles |
front 22 What do arterioles do? | back 22 control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and vasoconstriction |
front 23 What do arterioles lead to? | back 23 tissues/groups of cells to supply the blood |
front 24 What are microscopic blood vessels that are only one cell thick? | back 24 capillaries |
front 25 What helps stabilize capillary walls and control permeability? | back 25 pericytes (structural cells) |
front 26 Where are capillaries NOT found? | back 26 cartilage, epithelia, cornea and lens of the eye |
front 27 What are the functions of capillaries? | back 27 exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, etc. |
front 28 What are the types of capillaries? | back 28 continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoidal |
front 29 Which type of capillary is abundant in the skin and muscles? | back 29 continuous capillaries |
front 30 Which type of capillary forms the blood-brain barrier? | back 30 continuous capillaries |
front 31 Which type of capillaries have tight junctions that connect endothelial cells, and intercellular clefts that allow the passage of fluids and small solutes? | back 31 continuous capillaries |
front 32 Which type of capillary has some endothelial cells that contain pores? | back 32 fenestrated capillaries |
front 33 Which type of capillary is more permeable than continuous capillaries? | back 33 fenestrated capillaries |
front 34 Which type of capillary functions in absorption or filtrate formation in the small intestines, endocrine glands and kidneys? | back 34 fenestrated capillaries |
front 35 Which type of capillary has fewer tight junctions, larger intercellular clefts, and large lumens? | back 35 sinusoidal capillaries |
front 36 Are sinusoidal capillaries usually fenestrated? | back 36 yes |
front 37 Which type of capillary allows large molecules and blood cells to pass between the blood and surrounding tissues? | back 37 sinusoidal capillaries |
front 38 Which type of capillary is found in the liver, bone marrow, and spleen? | back 38 sinusoidal capillaries |
front 39 What are interwoven networks of capillaries that form the micro-circulation between arterioles and venules (starting points for the venous system)? | back 39 capillary beds |
front 40 What are the types of vessels that comprise capillary beds? | back 40 vascular shunt and true capillaries |
front 41 What is the thoroughfare channel in capillary beds that directly connects the terminal arteriole and a post-capillary venule? | back 41 vascular shunt |
front 42 What type of blood vessel in capillary beds branch off the metarteriole or terminal arteriole? | back 42 true capillaries |
front 43 What regulates blood flow into true capillaries? | back 43 precapillary sphincters |
front 44 What are formed when capillary beds unite? | back 44 venules |
front 45 What is very porous and allows fluids and WBCs into tissues? | back 45 venules |
front 46 What are formed when venules converge? | back 46 veins |
front 47 Which type of blood vessel has thinner walls and larger lumen than corresponding arteries? | back 47 veins |
front 48 Is blood pressure lower in veins than in arteries? | back 48 yes |
front 49 Veins called capacitance vessels contain how much of the blood supply? | back 49 65% |
front 50 Veins have adaptations that ensure the return of blood to the heart. They are: | back 50 large diameter lumens and valves that prevent the backflow of blood |
front 51 What are flattened veins with extremely thin walls (in the coronary sinus of the heart and dural sinuses of the brain)? | back 51 venous sinuses |
front 52 What are interconnections of blood vessels? | back 52 vascular anastomoses |
front 53 What provides alternate pathways to a given body region, common at joints, in abdominal organs, the brain and the heart? | back 53 arterial anastomoses |
front 54 What is an example of arteriovenous anastomoses? | back 54 vascular shunts of capillaries |
front 55 What is the volume of blood flowing through a vessel, organ, or the entire circulation in a given period? | back 55 blood flow |
front 56 How is blood flow measured? | back 56 ml/min |
front 57 Blood flow is equivalent to what? | back 57 the cardiac output for entire vascular system |
front 58 What is the force per unit area exerted on the wall of a blood vessel by the blood? | back 58 blood pressure |
front 59 How is blood pressure measured? | back 59 mm Hg |
front 60 What provides the driving force that keeps blood moving from higher to lower pressure areas? | back 60 the pressure gradient |
front 61 What is the opposition to flow, a measure of the amount of friction blood encounters? | back 61 resistance |
front 62 Where is resistance in circulation generally found? | back 62 in the peripheral systemic circulation (limbs) |
front 63 What are the sources of resistance to circulation? | back 63 blood viscosity, total blood vessel length, and blood vessel diameter |
front 64 What are the factors of resistance that remain relatively constant? | back 64 blood viscosity and blood vessel length |
front 65 What is due to formed elements and plasma proteins? | back 65 blood viscosity |
front 66 Resistance varies inversely with the fourth power of ? | back 66 vessel radius |
front 67 What are the major determinants of peripheral resistance? | back 67 small-diameter arterioles |
front 68 What dramatically increases resistance? | back 68 abrupt changes in diameter or fatty plaques from atherosclerosis |
front 69 Blood flow is directly proportional to the ? | back 69 blood (hydrostatic) pressure gradient |
front 70 Blood flow is inversely proportional to ? | back 70 peripheral resistance |
front 71 What results when flow is opposed by resistance? | back 71 blood pressure |
front 72 Systemic pressure is highest where? | back 72 in the aorta |
front 73 The steepest drop in pressure occurs where? | back 73 in arterioles |
front 74 Arterial blood pressure reflects two factors of the arteries close to the heart. They are? | back 74 elasticity (compliance or distensibility) and volume of blood forced into them at any time |
front 75 Arterial blood pressure: What is the pressure exerted during ventricular contraction? | back 75 systolic pressure |
front 76 Arterial blood pressure: what is the lowest level of arterial pressure? | back 76 diastolic pressure |
front 77 Arterial blood pressure: what is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure? | back 77 pulse pressure |
front 78 Arterial blood pressure: what is the pressure that propels the blood to the tissues? | back 78 mean arterial pressure (map) |
front 79 mean arterial pressure (MAP) = | back 79 diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure |
front 80 Pulse pressure and MAP both __________ with increasing distance from the heart. | back 80 decline |
front 81 What type of blood pressure ranges from 15 to 35 mm Hg? | back 81 capillary blood pressure |
front 82 What would rupture fragile, thin-walled capillaries? | back 82 high blood pressure |
front 83 Which type of blood pressure changes little during the cardiac cycle and has a small pressure gradient? | back 83 venous blood pressure |
front 84 What are the factors aiding venous return? | back 84 respiratory pump, muscular pump, vasoconstriction of veins under sympathetic control |
front 85 What describes pressure changes created during breathing, which moves blood toward the heart by squeezing abdominal veins as thoracic veins expand? | back 85 respiratory pump |
front 86 What describes the contraction of skeletal muscles that "milk" blood towards the heart and valves prevent backflow? | back 86 muscular pump |
front 87 Maintaining blood pressure requires cooperation of what? | back 87 heart, blood vessels, and kidneys |
front 88 What are the main factors influencing blood pressure? | back 88 cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and blood volume |
front 89 What is determined by venous return and neural and hormonal controls (that go into the kidneys)? | back 89 cardiac output |
front 90 What is a cluster of sympathetic neurons in the medulla that oversee changes in blood vessel diameter? | back 90 the vasomotor center |
front 91 Where are baroreceptors located? | back 91 carotid sinuses, aortic arch, and the walls of large arteries of the neck and thorax |
front 92 Chemoreceptors respond to what? | back 92 rise in CO2, drop in pH or O2 |
front 93 Which adrenal hormones cause generalized vasoconstriction and increase cardiac output? | back 93 norepinephrine and epinephrine |
front 94 What, when generated by kidney release of renin, causes vasoconstriction? | back 94 angiotensin II |
front 95 What hormone, when secreted by the heart, causes blood volume and blood pressure to decline, causing general vasodilation? | back 95 atrial natriuretic peptide |
front 96 What hormone causes intense vasoconstriction in cases of extremely low blood pressure? | back 96 antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (vasopressin) |
front 97 Increased blood pressure or blood volumen causes the kidneys to do what? | back 97 eliminate more urine, reducing blood pressure |
front 98 Antiogensin II is a what? | back 98 potent vasoconstrictor |