front 1 Pathogens | back 1 These are agents that cause disease, infect a wide range of animals (including humans) |
front 2 Function of immune system | back 2 recognize foreign bodies and responds with the production of immune cells and proteins |
front 3 Immune Cells | back 3 Get activated when there is an infection |
front 4 Innate Immunity | back 4 active immediately upon infection. Present before any exposure to pathogens and is effective from the time of birth. |
front 5 Adaptive Immunity | back 5 develops after exposure to agents such as microbes, toxins and other foreign substances |
front 6 Where is the innate system found? | back 6 Animals and plants |
front 7 First response | back 7 In vertebrates, innate immunity is a first response to infections and also serves as the foundation of adaptive immunity |
front 8 Innate Immunity in invertebrates | back 8 exoskeleton made from chitin forms the barrier to pathogens |
front 9 Lysozyme | back 9 enzyme that breaks down bacterial cell walls |
front 10 Hemocytes | back 10 circulate within hemo-lymph and carry out phagocytes; the ingestion and digestion of foreign substances including bacteria |
front 11 How does the immune system recognizes bacteria and fungi? | back 11 By the structures on their walls. |
front 12 How does the immune system react to different classes of pathogens? | back 12 The Innate immune responses are different for different classes of pathogens. |
front 13 What are other additional defenses unique to vertebrates? | back 13 1. natural killer cells 2. interferon 3. inflammatory response |
front 14 Barrier Defenses Example | back 14 Skin doesn't allow bacteria to come inside the body |
front 15 Barrier Defenses include | back 15 skin and mucous of the respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts. |
front 16 Mucous Function | back 16 trap and allow the removal of microbes |
front 17 Body fluids hostile to microbes | back 17 saliva, mucus, and tears |
front 18 What prevents growth of bacteria in skin and digestive system? | back 18 Low pH |
front 19 Phagocytic cells | back 19 recognize groups of pathogens using toll-like receptors (TLR's) |
front 20 2 types of phagocytic cells in mammals | back 20 1. Neutrophils 2. Macrophages |
front 21 Neutrophils | back 21 engulf and destroy pathogens |
front 22 macrophages | back 22 found throughout the body |
front 23 dendritic | back 23 stimulate development of adaptive immunity |
front 24 eosinophils | back 24 discharge destructive enzymes |
front 25 Natural Killer Cells | back 25 detect abnormal cells and release chemicals leading to cell death |
front 26 Peptides and proteins | back 26 attack pathogens or impeding their reproduction |
front 27 Interferon proteins | back 27 provide innate defenses, interfering with viruses and helping active macrophages |
front 28 Complement system | back 28 causes lysis of invading cells and helps trigger inflamation |
front 29 Inflammatory response | back 29 brought about by molecules released upon injury of infection |
front 30 histamine | back 30 triggers blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable |
front 31 Cytokines | back 31 chemical signals that enhance the immune system |
front 32 Septic Shock | back 32 condition caused by an overwhelming inflammatory response |
front 33 Pathogens avoiding destruction | back 33 modify surfaces to prevent recognition or by resisting breakdown following phagocytosis |
front 34 Adaptive Response | back 34 Receptors provide pathogen-specific recognition |
front 35 T cells | back 35 mature in the thymus |
front 36 B cells | back 36 mature in the bone marrow |
front 37 antigens | back 37 substances that can elicit a response from a B or T cells |
front 38 Epitope | back 38 small accessible part of an antigen that binds to an antigen receptor |
front 39 What are B nd T cells specialized? | back 39 to recognize a specific type of molecule |
front 40 Make antibodies? | back 40 B-cells |