front 1 Which type of cartilage is most plentiful in the adult body | back 1 Hyaline |
front 2 What two body structures contain flexible elastic cartilage? | back 2 The epiglottis and external ear cartridges |
front 3 Cartilage grows by interstitial growth. What does this mean? | back 3 it is from within |
front 4 What are the components of the axial Skeleton? | back 4 Skull, Thoracic, and Vertebral |
front 5 What bone class do the ribs and skull bones fall into? | back 5 Flat bones |
front 6 What are the 7 functions of bones? | back 6 Support, Protect, Movement, Mineral& growth factor storage, blood cell formation, fat storage, hormone production |
front 7 What is the functional relationship between skeletal muscles and bones? | back 7 Skeletal muscles use bones as levers to cause movement of the body and its parts. |
front 8 What two types of substances are stored in the bone matrix? | back 8 Stores mineral and growth factors |
front 9 Describe two functions of a bone marrow cavities. | back 9 Serve as sites for blood cell formation and fat storage |
front 10 What are the 3 levels of bone structure? | back 10 Gross, Microscopic, and chemical |
front 11 What is the functional importance of bone markings? | back 11 Serve as sites of muscle, ligament, and tendon attachment, as joint surfaces, or as conduits for blood vessels and nerves. |
front 12 What are the five type of bone cells? | back 12 Osteogenic, Osteoblast, Osteocytes, Bone lining cells, osteoclasts |
front 13 The structural unit of compact bone, consists of a central canal surrounded by concentric lamellae of bone matrix. | back 13 What is The Osteon? |
front 14 The spidery _____ are mature bone cells that occupy spaces (lacunae) that conform to their shape. They monitor and maintain the bone matrix. | back 14 What is the Osteocytes? |
front 15 Slender trabeculae containing irregular lamellae, which enclose red marrow-filled cavites | back 15 What is Spongy bone? |
front 16 Include bone cells, The extra cellular matrix includes osteoid, That are secreted by osteoblast and give the bone strength | back 16 What is Organic components? |
front 17 Hydroxyapatites make bone hard | back 17 What is Inorganic components? |
front 18 Are crest tubercles and spines. -Bony projections or depressions? | back 18 Bony projections |
front 19 How does the structure of compact bone differ from that of spongy bone when viewed with the naked eye? | back 19 Compact bone looks solid and homogenous. Spongy bone has an open network of bone spicules. |
front 20 Delicate connective tissue membrane, covers internal bone surfaces, covers trabeculae of spongy bone and lines canals that pass through compact bone | back 20 What is Endosteum? |
front 21 Which bone-- organic or inorganic-- makes it hard? | back 21 what is Inorganic? (the bone salts) |
front 22 Which cell has a ruffled border and acts to break down bone matrix? | back 22 What is the Osteoclast? |
front 23 The process of bone formation.. | back 23 What is Ossifaction? |
front 24 The Bone develops by replacing hyaline cartlidge. The resulting bone is called a cartlidge.. | back 24 What is Endochondral Ossification? |
front 25 A bone develops from a fiborus membrane. The bone is called membrane bone | back 25 What is Intramembranous? |
front 26 What are the steps taken in the process of ossifcation to begin.. | back 26 1) A bone collar forms around diaphysis of the hyaline cartlidge model. 2) Cartlidge in the center of the diaphysis calcifies and the develops cavities 3) The periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone forms. 4) The diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms. Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses. 5) The epiphyses ossify. When completed, hyaline cartlidge remians only in the epiphyseal plates and the articular cartlidges. |
front 27 Essentially all bones below the base of the skull except for the clavicle are formed by the.. | back 27 What is Endochondral Ossifcation? |
front 28 Forms the cranial bones of the skull. (frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal bones) and the clavicles,, | back 28 What is Intramembranous Ossification? |
front 29 Intramembranous Ossification involves four major steps. What are they? | back 29 1) Ossifaction centers appear in the fibrous connective tissue memebrane. 2) Osteoid is secreted within the fibrous membrane and calcifies. 3) Woven bone and periosteum form. 4) Lamellar bone replaces woven bone, just deep to the periosteum. Red marrow appears. |
front 30 Long bones increase in length by _______ growth of the epiphyseal plate cartilage and its replacement by bone. | back 30 What is Interstitial growth? |
front 31 Increases bone diameter/ thickness | back 31 What is Appositional growth? |
front 32 Bones don't begin with bone tissue. What do they begin with? | back 32 at the fibrous membrane or hyaline cartilage |
front 33 When describing endochondral ossification, some say "bone chases cartilage." What does this mean? | back 33 Cartilage grows, then brakes down and is replaced by bone. |
front 34 Where is the primary ossification center located in a long bone? | back 34 The center of the shaft |
front 35 Where is the the secondary ossification center located? | back 35 In the epiphyses. (bones ends) |
front 36 As a long bone grows in length, what is happening in the hypertrophic zone of the epiphyseal plate? | back 36 The chondrocytes are enlarging and their lacunae are breaking down and leaving holes in the cartilage matrix |
front 37 The single most important stimulus of epiphyseal plate activity is... | back 37 growth hormone |
front 38 Modulates the activity growth hormone, ensuring that the skeleton has proper proportions as it grows.. | back 38 What is Thyroid hormones? |
front 39 Bone deposit and bone resorption occur at the surfaces of both the periosteum and the endosteum. Together, the two processes constitute…. | back 39 What is bone remodeling |
front 40 What coordinates bone remodeling? | back 40 "Packets" of adjacent osteblast and osteoclasts called remodeling units. |
front 41 What are the fracture classifications? | back 41 position of bone ends after fracture, completeness of the break, Whether the bone ends penetrate the skin. |
front 42 What are the four major stages in repair for a simple fracture? | back 42 1) Hematoma Forms(a mass of clotted blood, forms at the fracture site) 2) Fibrocartilaginous forms (splints the broken bone) 3) Bony callus forms ( New bone trabeculae appear in the fibrocartilaginous callus and gradually convert to bony callus of spongy bone) 4)Bone remodeling occurs ( begins during bony callus,bony callus is remodeled. Comapct bone is laid down to reconstruct the shaft walls) |
front 43 If osteoclasts(bone destroying cells) in a long bone are more active then osteoblasts,(bone forming cells) how will bone mass change? | back 43 Bone mass will decrease |
front 44 Bone ends are exposed to the external enviorment | back 44 What is an open fracture? |
front 45 Bone ends do not penetrate the external boundry | back 45 What is a closed fracture? |
front 46 Increases bone mass, as during childhood or when exceptional stress is placed on the bones.. | back 46 What is bone growth? |
front 47 Follows bone growth to maintain the proper proportions of the bone considering stresses placed upon it.. | back 47 What is bone remodeling |
front 48 Looks solid and homogenous | back 48 What is compact bone |
front 49 Has an open network of bone spicules | back 49 what is spongy bone? |
front 50 Forms the long axis of the bone, is made out of a thick collar of comapct bone that surrounds medullary cavity. | back 50 What is Diaphysis? |
front 51 Are the bone ends, are broader than diaphysis | back 51 What is Epiphyses? |
front 52 Are active stem cells found in the membranous periosteum and endosteum | back 52 What is Osteogenic Cell? |
front 53 Matrix- synthesizing cell responsible for bone growth | back 53 What is osteoblast? |
front 54 Mature bone cell that monitors and maintains the mineralized bone matrix | back 54 What is osteocytes? |