front 1 A patient has a P-R interval that is 3 times longer than normal? What causes this? | back 1 1.) Hypercalcemia 2.) Acute Cardiovascular Disease Known as first-degree atrioventricular block when the PR exceeds 200 milliseconds. The known causes of first-degree AVB are numerous and include ischemic heart disease, degenerative conduction system disease, congenital heart disease, connective tissue disease, inflammatory diseases, and medications. However, in ambulatory individuals, first-degree AVB typically occurs in the absence of acute cardiovascular disease |
front 2 The PR Interval: | back 2 The PR interval is the interval from the beginning of the P wave to the beginning of the QRS complex. It represents the time frame from the beginning of atrial depolarization to the beginning of ventricular depolarization. |
front 3 P-wave = | back 3 atrium depolarizing |
front 4 QRS = | back 4 Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization |
front 5 T-wave = | back 5 Ventricular re-polarization. Re-polarization is a slower process so T-wave is longer. |
front 6 PR segment = | back 6 after P-wave before QRS |
front 7 S-T Interval = S-T segment = | back 7 Interval = Starts after QRS and ends after T-wave Segment = Starts after QRS and end before T-wave. Period of no net current. Ventricles are contracting, pumping blood to aorta and to pulmonary artery. |
front 8 Describe the postural effects on the EKG, as indicated by your data in Table 1 of moving from lying down position to sitting up: | back 8 The postural effects on the EKG are an increase in BPM. The remaining segments/intervals remain relatively stable with minimal change. |
front 9 Does your data indicate a change in heart rate after moving to the sitting up position? | back 9 Yes, the heart has to work harder when standing up due to gravity in order to circulate blood. |
front 10 Acidic acid = | back 10 lysis red blood cells so that you just see WBC |
front 11 Crystal Violet = | back 11 Dyes WBC purple |
front 12 Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas | back 12 Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil, Lymphocyte, Monocyte |
front 13 BIOPAC: where do you place the 3 electrodes on the subject? | back 13 Salt and pepper (right forearm, right leg), Ketchup (left leg) |
front 14 BIOPAC: how do you analyze the data? | back 14 Click the magnifying glass to activate zoom function. Click to represent about 4 seconds of data. Select display menu at top, and click autoscale waveforms. Click "adjust baseline" Move to center wave forms then click exit. |
front 15 BIOPAC: How to measure Delta T and BPM? | back 15 Using I-beam, highlight from the start of one peak R wave to the next peak R wave. Delta T = computes the elapsed time bw the beginning and end of highlighted area BPM = computes beats per minute when the area from R wave of one cycle to the R wave of another cycle is highlighted. |
front 16 Normal Blood Pressure = | back 16 120/80 mm Hg |
front 17 g/dL is the units of measure for what? | back 17 Hemoglobin concentration
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front 18 Physical characteristics of plasma? pH? Color? | back 18 pH = 8.0 Color opacue, fairly transparent |
front 19 Normal human blood contains WBC, RBC? | back 19 WBC = 5,000-9,000 per mm3 RBC = 4.5-5.5 million per mm3 Viral infections are often associated with a drop in WBCs (leukopenia) Bacterial infections are often associated with an elevated WBC (leukocytosis) |
front 20 How do you count WBCs? | back 20 add up all 16 squares and multiply by 50 |
front 21 How do you count RBCs? | back 21 Count the RBCs in the four tiny corner squares plus the very center tiny square. (this square is surrounded by a double etched line) |
front 22 What are the 5 Leukocytes? Which ones are granulocytes and which ones are agranulocyte? | back 22 Agranulocytes: Lymphocyte (large spherical nucleus), Monocyte (kidney shaped nucleus) Granulocytes: Neutrophil (multilobed nucleus), Eosinophil, Basophil |
front 23 What is the Frog Ringer's Solution Made of? | back 23
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front 24 Sympatholytic: | back 24 Receptors: Beta Blocker Action: antihypertensive Representative Drug: Propranolol |
front 25 Sympathomimetic: | back 25 Receptors: Beta 2 agonist Action: Bronchial Dilator Representative Drug: Albuterol |
front 26 Parasympathomimetic: | back 26 Receptors: Muscarinic agonist Action: decreases pressure in glaucoma Representative Drug: Pilocarpine |
front 27 Parasympatholytic: | back 27 Receptors: Muscarinic antagonist Action: Dilates eyes Representative Drug: Atropine |
front 28 ACh | back 28 Effect on heart: decreased heart rate Mechanism: reduces slope of pacemaker potential via permeability changes Notes: parasympathetic/neurotransmitter |
front 29 Epinephrine | back 29 Effect on heart: increased heart rate Mechanism: increases slope of pacemaker potential via permeability changes Notes: Sympathetic/neurotransmitter |
front 30 Atropine | back 30 Effect on heart: increased heart rate Mechanism: blocks ACh receptors Notes: parasympatholytic |
front 31 Pilocarpine | back 31 Effect on heart: decreased heart rate Mechanism: enhances release of ACh Notes: parasympathomimetic |
front 32 Propranolol | back 32 Effect on heart: decreased heart rate Mechanism: beta blocker Notes: Sympatholytic |
front 33 Varapmil | back 33 Effect on heart: decreased heart rate Mechanism: Calcium channel blocker Notes: an anti-arhythmic agent |
front 34 Digitalis: | back 34 Effect on heart: decreased heart rate and strengthens contractiosn Mechanism: inhibits Na/K pump and enhances Ca++ entry Notes: a cardiac glycoside used to control atrial fibrillation |
front 35 KCL | back 35 Effect on heart: decreased heart rate Mechanism: depolarizes membranes Notes: Used in Dr. Kevorkian's machine |
front 36 NaCl | back 36 Effect on heart: erratic results Mechanism: unusual ion ratios affect membrane potential and calcium influx Notes: Similar to Ringers solution, but lacks K+ and Ca++ |
front 37 CaCl2 | back 37 Effect on heart: increased force of contractions but may be erratic Mechanism: Increased intracellular availability of Ca++ Notes: calcium binds to troponin-C and activates the thin filaments |
front 38 HEART Define Mitral valve prolapse: | back 38 is a heart problem in which the valve that separates the upper and lower chambers of the left side of the heart does not close properly |
front 39 HEART Define cardiac tamponade: | back 39 is pressure on the heart that occurs when blood or fluid builds up in the space between the heart muscle (myocardium) and the outer covering sac of the heart (pericardium) |
front 40 HEART Define myocardial infarction: | back 40 a heart attack. The word "infarction" comes from the Latin "infarcire" meaning "to plug up or cram." It refers to the clogging of the artery The heart requires its own constant supply of oxygen and nutrients, like any muscle in the body. Two large, branching coronary arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the heart muscle. If one of these arteries or branches becomes blocked suddenly, a portion of the heart is starved of oxygen, a condition called "cardiac ischemia." If cardiac ischemia lasts too long, the starved heart tissue dies. This is a heart attack, otherwise known as a myocardial infarction |
front 41 HEART Define coronary bypass: | back 41 A surgical procedure to restore normal blood supply to the heart by creating new routes for the blood to travel into the heart when one or both of the coronary arteries have become clogged or obstructed |
front 42 HEART Define Congestive heart failures: | back 42 Inability of the heart to keep up with the demands on it, with failure of the heart to pump blood with normal efficiency. When this occurs, the heart is unable to provide adequate blood flow to other organs, such as the brain, liver, and kidneys. CHF may be due to failure of the right or left ventricle, or both. |
front 43 HEART The conduction system of the heart: | back 43 The SA node (anatomical pacemaker) starts the sequence by causing the atrial muscles to contract. From there, the signal travels to the AV node, through the bundle of His, down the bundle branches, and through the Purkinje fibers, causing the ventricles to contract. This signal creates an electrical current that can be seen on a graph called an Electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG). Doctors use an EKG to monitor the cardiac conduction system’s electrical activity in the heart. |
front 44 Atrioventricular Node: | back 44 is a part of the electrical control system of the heart that coordinates the top of the heart. It electrically connects atrial and ventricular chambers. The AV node is an area of specialized tissue between the atria and the ventricles of the heart. AV Node creates a delay bw atria and ventricles (.1 sec)... if they contracted simultaneously they would be squeezing blood against each other. It makes sure the blood moves throughout the heart in a coordinated way. |
front 45 EKG: | back 45 Change in voltage over time. Voltage is on y-axis and time is on x-axis. |
front 46 Lub sound of heart | back 46 When the tricuspid valve and mitral valve shut. Pulmonary and aortic valve open at same time. |
front 47 Dub sound of heart | back 47 Pulmonic and aortic valve snap shut. At the same time tricuspid and mitral valve open. |
front 48 Systole: | back 48 In between the lub/dub sound or S1 and S2 blood is being squeezed or pumped out into the body which is called systole. |
front 49 Diastole: | back 49 In between the S2 and the next S1 is diastole. So directly after dub and before the next lub (blood is refilling from the atrium to the ventricles). |
front 50 Which branch of the nervous system secretes epinephrine? | back 50 Sympathetic |
front 51 Beta 2 agonist falls under what category? | back 51 Sympathomimetic |
front 52 What is the effect of acetylcholine (ACh) on the heart rate of the frog? | back 52 increases the heart rate |
front 53 describe what happens when atropine meets an acetylcholine receptor? | back 53 Atropine blocks ACh receptors |
front 54 Atropine is a: | back 54 Parasympatholytic |
front 55 What is the mechanism of varapmil? | back 55 calcium channel blocker |
front 56 What is the effect of propranolol on the heart? | back 56 decreased heart rate |
front 57 What is the effect of K+ on the frog heart? | back 57 cardiac arrest |
front 58 How many ventricles has the heart of a frog? | back 58 1 |
front 59 How many atria has the heart of a frog? | back 59 2 |
front 60 What is the normal value for the pH of plasma? | back 60 7.35-7.45 |
front 61 What is the typical value of hematocrit from a normal male? | back 61 47% |
front 62 What is the likely value for the hemoglobin of a male with polycythemia? | back 62 no data |
front 63 How many red blood cells are in a cubic mm of blood from a normal person? | back 63 4.5-5.5 million |
front 64 What would you expect the hemoglobin concentration to be in a normal person with a hematocrit of 45%? | back 64 no data |
front 65 Which antibodies are present in the blood of a person with type AB blood? | back 65 no antibodies |
front 66 What color was the solution placed on the hemocytometer for the total WBC? | back 66 Violet/purple |
front 67 What effect did the solution have on RBC? | back 67 Lysis RBC |
front 68 What is hematocrit? | back 68 The percentage of red blood cells in whole blood |