front 1 three types of muscles (cardiac,skeletal,smooth), functions, where they are found | back 1 Skeletal- organs attached to bones and skin, striated,voluntary,require nervous system stimulation Cardiac- only in heart, bulk of heart walls, striated, involuntary Smooth- in walls of hollow organs(stomach,urinary bladder, airways), not striated, involuntary |
front 2 understand that muscles exhibit excitability, contractility,extensibility,elasticity | back 2 Excitability- ability to receive and respond to stimuli Contractility- ability to shorten forcibly when stimulated Extensibility- ability to be stretched Elasticity- ability to recoil to resting length |
front 3 four important functions of muscles | back 3 1. movement of bones or fluids(blood) 2. maintaining posture and body position 3. stabilizing joints 4. heat generation (especially skeletal muscle) |
front 4 describe connective tissue sheaths that support muscles and the part they cover | back 4 Epimysium- dense irregular connective tissue surrounding entire
muscle; may blend with fasccia |
front 5 difference between a muscle insertion and origin | back 5 a muscle insertion is a movable bone and an origin is immovable (less movable) bone |
front 6 why skeletal muscles have a striated appearance | back 6 Sarcomeres |
front 7 how the sliding filament model of muscle contraction works | back 7 During contraction, thin filaments slide past thick filaments-->
actin and myosin overlap more |
front 8 structure of the thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments | back 8 no data |
front 9 role of troponin and tropomyosin in muscle contraction | back 9 Troponin changes shape and moves tropomyosin away from myosin-binding sites Tropomyosin blocks active sites on actin |
front 10 how signal travels from a motor neuron to a muscle fiber | back 10 Action potential (AP) arrives at axon |
front 11 what happens during excitation-contraction coupling | back 11 1. The action potential (AP) propagates along the sarcolemma and down the T tubules. 2. Calcium ions are released. 3.Calcium binds to troponin and removes the blocking action of tropomyosin. 4.Contraction begins: Myosin binding to actin forms cross bridges and contraction (cross bridge cycling) begins. At this point, E-C coupling is over. |
front 12 role of an action potential in releasing calcium ions from the SR | back 12 The axon branches to supply a number of muscle fibers called a motor
unit, and the action potential is conveyed to a motor end plate on
each muscle fiber. |
front 13 Describe events that occur during the cross bridge cycle | back 13
|
front 14 explain factors that can affect the force of muscle contraction | back 14 Force of contraction depends on number of cross bridges attached, which is affected by: – Number of muscle fibers stimulated (recruitment) – Relative size of fibers— hypertrophy of cells increases strength – Frequency of stimulation – Degree of muscle stretch |
front 15 how the longitundinal and circular layers of smooth muscle work together to move substances through hollow organs | back 15 • Longitudinal layer – Fibers parallel to long axis of organ; contraction--> dilates and shortened • Circular layer – Fibers in circumference of organ; contracion-->constricts lumen, elongates organ • Allows peristalsis - Alternating contractions and relaxations of smooth muscle layers that mix and squeeze substances through lumen of hollow organs |
front 16 types of valves found in the heart, where they are found, and how they function | back 16 • Two atrioventricular (AV) valves – Prevent backflow into atria when ventricles contract – Tricuspid valve (right AV valve) – Mitral valve (left AV valve, bicuspid valve) – Chordae tendineae anchor cusps to papillary muscles • Hold valve flaps in closed position • Two semilunar (SL) valves – Prevent backflow into ventricles when ventricles relax – Open and close in response to pressure changes – Aortic semilunar valve – Pulmonary semilunar valve |
front 17 Which of the following components accounts for the bulk of muscle fiber volume (up to 80%)? A. Glycosomes B. Mitochondria C. Myofibrils D. Sarcoplasm | back 17 Myofibrilis |
front 18 The thin filaments are not comprised of which of the following components? A. Actin B. Titin C. Troponin D. Tropomyosin | back 18 Titin |
front 19 At the neuromuscular junction, the muscle contraction initiation event is ______. A. a release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reIculum B. conducIon of an electrical impulse down the T tubules C. binding of acetylcholine to membrane receptors on the sarcolemma D. sliding of actin and myosin filaments past each other | back 19 binding of acetylcholine to membrane receptors on the sarcolemma |
front 20 The time period between action potential initiation and mechanical activity of a muscle fiber is called the ______. A. latent period B. refractory period C. action potential D. excitation period | back 20 latent period |
front 21 What is the significance of the muscle fiber triad relationship? A. The terminal cisterns subdivide the sarcolemma. B. The T tubules bring calcium to the sarcoplasmic reticulum. C. The sarcoplasmic reticulum transfers calcium to the T tubules. D. The T tubules conduct electrical impulses that stimulate calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reIculum | back 21 The T tubules conduct electrical impulses that stimulate calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reIculum |
front 22 What is calcium's function during muscle contraction? A. Calcium binds to troponin, changing its shape and removing the blocking action of tropomyosin. B. Calcium binds to troponin to prevent myosin from attaching to actin. C. Calcium depolarizes the muscle fiber. D. Calcium flows down the T tubules to stimulate the influx of sodium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. | back 22 Calcium binds to troponin, changing its shape and removing the blocking action of tropomyosin. |
front 23 In a resting muscle cell, the myosin-binding sites are blocked by ______. A. actin B. troponin C. titin D. tropomyosin | back 23 tropmyosin |
front 24 Calcium is released from the terminal cisterns in response to ______. A. ATP B. calcium pumps C. an action potential D. troponin | back 24 an action potential |
front 25 How does calcium reenter the terminal cisterns after muscle contraction is finished? A. Diffusion B. Active transport C. Filtration D. Endocytosis | back 25 active transport |
front 26 starting with the right atrium, the pathway of blood through the heart, to the lungs, back to the heart, to the rest of the body, and back to the heart | back 26 no data |
front 27 how the differences in pressure in the pulmonary and systemic circuits are reflected in the differences in heart anatomy | back 27 no data |
front 28 the differences and similarities of cardiac and skeletal muscle | back 28 no data |
front 29 the phases of the cardiac cycle, from the atrial systole to ventricular diastole | back 29 no data |
front 30 three wall layers found in arteries and veins | back 30 no data |
front 31 primary function of capillaries | back 31 no data |
front 32 3 types of capillaries and where they are found | back 32 no data |
front 33 how and under what conditions, blood flow is regulated through capillary beds | back 33 no data |
front 34 three sources of resistance described in lecture | back 34 no data |
front 35 relationship between blood flow, blood pressure, and resistance | back 35 no data |
front 36 how blood pressure changes throughout systemic circulation | back 36 no data |
front 37 why low capillary pressure is desirable | back 37 no data |
front 38 the factors that aid the return of blood to the heart through the venous system | back 38 no data |
front 39 how blood pressure is measured | back 39 no data |
front 40 the function of blood flow through body tissues (tissue perfusion) | back 40 no data |