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Chapter 2: Fuel for Exercise: Bioenergetics and Muscle Metabolism

front 1

What is ATP?

back 1

adenosine triphosphate (high-energy compound)

front 2

substrates:

back 2

  • fuel sources from which we make energy (ATP)
  • carbohydrate, fat, protein

front 3

bioenergetics:

back 3

  • process of converting substrates into energy
  • performed at cellular level

front 4

metabolism:

back 4

chemical reaction in the body

front 5

How is ATP of importance in metabolism?

back 5

because it is the useable storage form of energy we derive from food

front 6

What is the primary substrate used to provide energy at rest?

back 6

50% carbohydrates and 50% fats

front 7

What is the primary substrate used to provide energy during high-intensity exercise?

back 7

the use of more carbohydrates

front 8

Exercise that is short uses:

back 8

more carbohydrates

front 9

Exercise that is long uses:

back 9

carbohydrate, more fat

front 10

All dietary carbohydrate is converted to what?

back 10

glucose

front 11

What is the role of PCr in energy production?

back 11

  • PCr= phosphocreatine or creatine phosphate
  • regenerates ATP to maintain a relatively constant supply under resting conditions
  • recycles ATP during exercise until it is used up

front 12

What is the relationship between muscle ATP and PCr during sprint exercise?

back 12

  • During a sprint exercise, ATP is at a constant level
  • PCr declines steadily because it is used to replenish depleted ATP

front 13

What are the essential characteristics of the ATP-PCr system?

back 13

  • anaerobic, substrate-level metabolism
  • duration: 3 to 15 s (at mac capacity)
  • Because ATP stores are very limited, this pathway is used to reassemble ATP
  • replenishes ATP stores during rest
  • recycles ATP during exercise until used up
  • control of system: creatine kinase

front 14

When ATP levels decrease:

back 14

ADP increases & CK activity increases

front 15

When ATP levels increase:

back 15

CK activity decreases

front 16

What are the essential characteristics of the glycolytic system?

back 16

  • anaerobic
  • duration: 15 s to 2 min
  • breakdown of glucose via glycolysis
  • uses glucose or glycogen as its substrate
  • pathway starts with glucose-6-phosphate, ends with pyruvic acid

front 17

Cons of the glycolytic system:

back 17

  • low ATP yield, inefficient use of substrate
  • lack of O2 converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid
  • lactic acid impairs glycolysis, muscle contraction
  • lactic acid generation during exercise isn't because of lack of oxygen

front 18

Pros of the glycolytic system:

back 18

  • allows muscles to contract when oxygen is limited (NOT exercise)
  • permits shorter-term, higher-intensity exercise than oxidative metabolism can sustain

front 19

What are the essential characteristics of the oxidative system?

back 19

  • aerobic
  • duration: steady supply for hours
  • most complex of three bioenergetic systems
  • occurs in the mitochondria, not cytoplasm

front 20

What are the stages of oxidation of carbohydrate?

back 20

  • stage 1: glycolysis
  • stage 2: krebs cycle
  • stage 3: electron transport chain

front 21

Characteristics of oxidation of carbohydrate:

back 21

  • glycolysis can occur with or without oxygen
  • ATP yield same as anaerobic (rapid) glycolysis

front 22

Electron Transport Chain:

back 22

  • H+ electrons carried to electron transport chain via NADH, FADH molecules
  • H+ combines with O2
  • electrons + O2 help form ATP

front 23

Krebs Cycle:

  1. 1 molecule glucose ---> 2 ?
  2. 1 molecule glucose ---> 2 ?
  3. 1 molecule glucose ---> double ?
  4. 2 acetyl-CoA glucose ---> 2 ? ---> 2 ?

back 23

  1. acetyl-CoA
  2. complete Krebs cycles
  3. ATP yield
  4. GTP, ATP

front 24

Why are the ATP-PCr and glycolytic energy systems considered anaerobic?

back 24

because they contribute energy during short-burst activities lasting up to 2 minutes and during the early minute of longer higher-intensity exercise

front 25

What role does oxygen play in the process of aerobic metabolism?

back 25

helps to breakdown substrates which intern provides more energy

front 26

What are the by-products of energy production from the ATP-PCr system?

back 26

1mol ATP/ 1mol PCr

front 27

What are the by-product of energy production from the Glycolysis system?

back 27

2-3mol ATP/ 1 mol substrate (glucose/glycogen)

front 28

What are the by-products of energy production from the Oxidative system?

back 28

32-33mol ATP/ 1 glucose; 100+ATP/ 1 FFA

front 29

Characteristics of oxidation of fat:

back 29

  • triglycerides: major fat energy source
  • rate of FFA entry into muscle depends on concentration gradient
  • yield 3 to 4 times more ATP than glucose
  • slower than glucose oxidation

front 30

What is beta-oxidation of fat?

back 30

  • process of converting FFAs to acetyl-CoA before entering Krebs cycle
  • requires up-front expenditure of 2 ATP

front 31

Characteristics of oxidation of fat:

back 31

  • rarely used as a substrate for exercise (because of the nitrogen group)
  • energy yield not easy to determine (nitrogen presence unique)

front 32

What are all 3 energy systems stimulated by?

back 32

the presence of ADP

front 33

What will be the major fuel source for carbohydrates and skeletal muscle and why?

back 33

glycogen because it is right there in the cytosol

front 34

T or F: The transition from one fuel source to another does not depend on the previous one.

back 34

true

front 35

What is lactic acid and why is it important?

back 35

  • is converted from pyruvic acid
  • inhibits muscle contraction

front 36

What are the interactions among energy systems?

back 36

  • all three systems interact for all activities
  • no one system contributes 100%, but one system often dominates for a given task
  • degree depends on the ATP/ADP charge and hormones
  • the fastest energy system predominates for a given task

front 37

How do type I muscle fibers differ from type II fibers in their respective oxidative capacities? What accounts for those differences?

back 37

  • Type I fibers are more aerobic-have more mitochondria and higher concentrations of oxidative enzymes
  • Type II fibers are better suited for glycolytic energy production
  • Alpha neurons account for these differences

front 38

What key message is depicted in this figure?

back 38

the presence of an enzyme lowers the activation energy required to produce ATP from phosphocreatine

front 39

The combination of his sprinting speed and powerful jumping abilities has made Luis a solid long jumper. Luis' body maintains his ATP levels during the long jump via the _____________ system.

back 39

ATP-PCr

front 40

The system that is maintaining Luis' ATP levels produces ATP without the aid of ____________, although it is always present.

back 40

oxygen

front 41

This system also uses the molecule phosphocreatine to rebuild ATP and maintain a relatively constant supply. The _________ enzyme acts on PCr to separate Pi from creatine. The energy released can then be used to couple Pi to an ADP molecule, forming ATP.

back 41

creatine kinase

front 42

Suppose that the next season, Luis adds the 800-meter run, an event that average high schoolers run in a little over 2 minutes. Think about Luis’ prior training and his energy systems. Initially, he will find his prior training to be _________ for the event.

back 42

inadequate

front 43

The first few seconds of the 800-meter race will likely feel good to Luis, but he will find that the length of the event will tax his ___________.

back 43

glycolytic system

front 44

Before Luis fully trains for the 800-meter race, he’ll probably find that he’s a _________ starter and a _________ finisher.

back 44

strong/weak

front 45

Glycogen is stored in the _________ until needed.

back 45

liver or muscle

front 46

T or F: The glycolytic system has a tremendous energy-yielding capacity, so it is the primary method of energy production during endurance events.

back 46

false

front 47

T or F: A healthy body uses little protein during rest and exercise.

back 47

true

front 48

Energy for muscular activity and cellular operations is primarily derived from:

back 48

carbohydrate, fat, and protein

front 49

T or F: When phosphorylation occurs without the aid of oxygen, it is called aerobic metabolism.

back 49

false

front 50

NADH molecules, formed in the _____________, cannot directly enter the mitochondria.

back 50

sarcoplasm