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Unit 7: Molecular Genetics

front 1

Nucleotide

back 1

the building blocks of nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) that consists of a phosphate group, a five carbon sugar, and a nitrogen base.

front 2

DNA

(Deoxyribonucleic acid)

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Nucleic acid in each cell that contains genetic information.

Double stranded helix

Contains sugar deoxyribose

front 3

Double Helix

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The structure of DNA - 2 strands of nucleotides bonded together and twisted to form a double stranded helix shape.

front 4

Hydrogen Bonds

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Weak bonds between nitrogen bases that hold the 2 DNA strands together.

front 5

Deoxyribose

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The 5 carbon sugar found in the nucleotides that make up DNA.

front 6

Nitrogen Bases

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Nitrogen bases are part of a nucleotide. DNA has adenine, THYMINE, guanine, and cytosine. RNA has adenine, URACIL, guanine and cytosine.

front 7

Complementary Base Pairing Rules

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Bases always bond together in specific pairs:

Adenine with Thymine (DNA) or Uracil (RNA)

Cytosine with Guanine

front 8

RNA

(Ribonucleic acid)

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Nucleic acid that uses the instructions stored in DNA to make proteins.

Usually single stranded

Contains sugar ribose

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3 Type of RNA

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Messenger RNA (mRNA) -copy of DNA, made during transcription and used in translation, contains codons to code for specific amino acids.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - wrapped with proteins to form ribosomes, used in translation

Transfer RNA (tRNA) - shaped like t, contains anticodon to match up with codon on mRNA, carries amino acids to make proteins during translation.

front 10

Messenger RNA

(mRNA)

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Single stranded RNA molecule that is a copy of DNA's genetic code. Contains codons. Made through transcription.

front 11

Ribosomal RNA

(rRNA)

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Type of RNA that combines with many small proteins to make up a ribosome.

front 12

Transfer RNA

(tRNA)

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Type of RNA that carries amino acids coded for in mRNA to make proteins. Contains anticodon.

front 13

Transcription

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1st process used to make proteins. Copies info in DNA and make a mRNA. Occurs in the nucleus.

DNA strands separate to expose 1 gene. RNA nucleotides are brought in to match up with exposed bases on DNA, following complementary base pair rules.

front 14

Translation

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Process that makes proteins. Instructions carried by mRNA are read by rRNA. Amino acids are brought in by tRNA and are assembled to make protein strand.

Uses all 3 types of RNA.

Occurs in cytoplasm

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Codon

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A sequence of 3 bases on mRNA that codes for a single amino acid.

front 16

Anticodon

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3 bases on a tRNA molecule that complementary matchs a specific codon on a mRNA molecule, assuring that the correct amino acid is incorporated in a protein.

front 17

Amino Acids

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The building block of proteins. Amino Acids are bonded together with peptide bonds to form a protein molecule and are assembled during translation.

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Ribosomes

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Composed of RNA and proteins. Makes proteins by translating the information encoded in messenger RNA (mRNA) into a polypeptide.

front 19

Genetic Code

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Triplets or codons of DNA sequences that code for a specific amino acid. It is the code that determines the amino acid sequence of proteins.

front 20

Chromosome

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DNA strand wrapped around proteins.

front 21

Gene

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Segment on DNA that codes for a protein and directs the development of some inherited traits.

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Gene Expression

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Activation of a gene to produce a protein.

front 23

Recombinant DNA

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Type of DNA molecule that is created in a laboratory and incorporates the DNA of two or more organisms.

front 24

Plasmid

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A single, circular piece of bacterial DNA that is separate from the main chromosome. Usually where DNA from other organisms is inserted for genetic engineering.

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Genomics

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The study of the whole genome or entire set of DNA in an organism.

front 26

Genome

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The full set of DNA in an organism's cells.

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Mutations

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Random changes in DNA sequence. Can be harmful, beneficial, or have no effect.

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Point or Substitution Mutations

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Mutations that only change 1 base in DNA sequence.

front 29

Missense Mutations

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Type of point mutation where 1 base is changed causing a substitution of amino acid in protein, which causes change in protein structure.

front 30

Nonsense Mutations

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Type of point mutation where 1 base is changed causing a premature stop in protein production.

front 31

Silent Mutation

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Type of point mutation where 1 base is change, but it codes for the same amino acid as original so the amino acid sequence is not changed.

front 32

Frameshift Mutations

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Mutation of DNA where multiple bases which results in every codon is changed after addition or deletion.

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Deletion

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Mutation of DNA or in chromosome genes where bases are removed or deleted.

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Insertion

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Mutation of DNA where bases or in chromosome genes are added or inserted.

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Duplication

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Chromosomal mutation where part of the chromosome is copied or duplicated.

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Translocation

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Chromosomal mutation where part of a chromosome is transferred to a non homologous chromosome.

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Inversion

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Chromosomal mutation where a part of a chromosome is reversed.

front 38

Nondisjunction

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Chromosomal mutation where chromosomes do not separate properly during meiosis resulting in 1 cell having an extra chromosome and 1 cell missing a chromosome.

front 39

Biotechnology

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Use of living systems and organisms to develop or make useful products.

front 40

Cloning

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The process of producing genetically identical individuals.

front 41

DNA Fingerprinting

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A test usded to identify and evaluate the DNA of a person's cells - creates a DNA profile that can be used to identify individuals.

front 42

DNA Sequencing

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The process of determining the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule.

front 43

Electrophoresis

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A technique used to separate and sometimes purify macromolecules. Used in DNA fingerprinting to separate fragments of of DNA based on size to get a DNA profile.

front 44

Gene Splicing

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Used in genetic modification which involves cutting a gene from one organism and pasting it into the DNA of another organism to form recombinant DNA.

front 45

Gene Therapy

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The use of DNA as a drug to treat disease by delivering therapeutic DNA into a patient's cells.

front 46

Genetic Engineering

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Manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology.

front 47

Genetically Modified Organisms

(GMOs)

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Organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.

front 48

Polymerase Chain Reaction

(PCR)

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A biotechnology technique that copies a specific DNA sequence to produce millions of copies of that DNA sequence

front 49

Restriction Enzymes

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Enzymes that cuts DNA at or near a specific nucleotide sequence. Used to form recombinant DNA.

front 50

Selective Breeding

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Also known as artificial selection. Process of breeding plants and animals for particular genetic traits.

front 51

Stem Cells

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Undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

front 52

Transgenic Organisms

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Organism whose genetic characteristics have been altered using the techniques of genetic engineering.