Instructions for Side by Side Printing
- Print the notecards
- Fold each page in half along the solid vertical line
- Cut out the notecards by cutting along each horizontal dotted line
- Optional: Glue, tape or staple the ends of each notecard together
Unit 7: Molecular Genetics
front 1 Nucleotide | back 1  the building blocks of nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) that consists of a phosphate group, a five carbon sugar, and a nitrogen base. |
front 2 DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) | back 2  Nucleic acid in each cell that contains genetic information. Double stranded helix Contains sugar deoxyribose |
front 3 Double Helix | back 3  The structure of DNA - 2 strands of nucleotides bonded together and twisted to form a double stranded helix shape. |
front 4 Hydrogen Bonds | back 4  Weak bonds between nitrogen bases that hold the 2 DNA strands together. |
front 5 Deoxyribose | back 5 The 5 carbon sugar found in the nucleotides that make up DNA. |
front 6 Nitrogen Bases | back 6  Nitrogen bases are part of a nucleotide. DNA has adenine, THYMINE, guanine, and cytosine. RNA has adenine, URACIL, guanine and cytosine. |
front 7 Complementary Base Pairing Rules | back 7  Bases always bond together in specific pairs: Adenine with Thymine (DNA) or Uracil (RNA) Cytosine with Guanine |
front 8 RNA (Ribonucleic acid) | back 8  Nucleic acid that uses the instructions stored in DNA to make proteins. Usually single stranded Contains sugar ribose |
front 9 3 Type of RNA | back 9  Messenger RNA (mRNA) -copy of DNA, made during transcription and used in translation, contains codons to code for specific amino acids. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - wrapped with proteins to form ribosomes, used in translation Transfer RNA (tRNA) - shaped like t, contains anticodon to match up with codon on mRNA, carries amino acids to make proteins during translation. |
front 10 Messenger RNA (mRNA) | back 10  Single stranded RNA molecule that is a copy of DNA's genetic code. Contains codons. Made through transcription. |
front 11 Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | back 11  Type of RNA that combines with many small proteins to make up a ribosome. |
front 12 Transfer RNA (tRNA) | back 12  Type of RNA that carries amino acids coded for in mRNA to make proteins. Contains anticodon. |
front 13 Transcription | back 13  1st process used to make proteins. Copies info in DNA and make a mRNA. Occurs in the nucleus. DNA strands separate to expose 1 gene. RNA nucleotides are brought in to match up with exposed bases on DNA, following complementary base pair rules. |
front 14 Translation | back 14  Process that makes proteins. Instructions carried by mRNA are read by rRNA. Amino acids are brought in by tRNA and are assembled to make protein strand. Uses all 3 types of RNA. Occurs in cytoplasm |
front 15 Codon | back 15  A sequence of 3 bases on mRNA that codes for a single amino acid. |
front 16 Anticodon | back 16  3 bases on a tRNA molecule that complementary matchs a specific codon on a mRNA molecule, assuring that the correct amino acid is incorporated in a protein. |
front 17 Amino Acids | back 17 The building block of proteins. Amino Acids are bonded together with peptide bonds to form a protein molecule and are assembled during translation. |
front 18 Ribosomes | back 18 Composed of RNA and proteins. Makes proteins by translating the information encoded in messenger RNA (mRNA) into a polypeptide. |
front 19 Genetic Code | back 19  Triplets or codons of DNA sequences that code for a specific amino acid. It is the code that determines the amino acid sequence of proteins. |
front 20 Chromosome | back 20  DNA strand wrapped around proteins. |
front 21 Gene | back 21  Segment on DNA that codes for a protein and directs the development of some inherited traits. |
front 22 Gene Expression | back 22 Activation of a gene to produce a protein. |
front 23 Recombinant DNA | back 23  Type of DNA molecule that is created in a laboratory and incorporates the DNA of two or more organisms. |
front 24 Plasmid | back 24  A single, circular piece of bacterial DNA that is separate from the main chromosome. Usually where DNA from other organisms is inserted for genetic engineering. |
front 25 Genomics | back 25 The study of the whole genome or entire set of DNA in an organism. |
front 26 Genome | back 26  The full set of DNA in an organism's cells. |
front 27 Mutations | back 27 Random changes in DNA sequence. Can be harmful, beneficial, or have no effect. |
front 28 Point or Substitution Mutations | back 28  Mutations that only change 1 base in DNA sequence. |
front 29 Missense Mutations | back 29  Type of point mutation where 1 base is changed causing a substitution of amino acid in protein, which causes change in protein structure. |
front 30 Nonsense Mutations | back 30  Type of point mutation where 1 base is changed causing a premature stop in protein production. |
front 31 Silent Mutation | back 31  Type of point mutation where 1 base is change, but it codes for the same amino acid as original so the amino acid sequence is not changed. |
front 32 Frameshift Mutations | back 32  Mutation of DNA where multiple bases which results in every codon is changed after addition or deletion. |
front 33 Deletion | back 33  Mutation of DNA or in chromosome genes where bases are removed or deleted. |
front 34 Insertion | back 34  Mutation of DNA where bases or in chromosome genes are added or inserted. |
front 35 Duplication | back 35  Chromosomal mutation where part of the chromosome is copied or duplicated. |
front 36 Translocation | back 36  Chromosomal mutation where part of a chromosome is transferred to a non homologous chromosome. |
front 37 Inversion | back 37  Chromosomal mutation where a part of a chromosome is reversed. |
front 38 Nondisjunction | back 38  Chromosomal mutation where chromosomes do not separate properly during meiosis resulting in 1 cell having an extra chromosome and 1 cell missing a chromosome. |
front 39 Biotechnology | back 39 Use of living systems and organisms to develop or make useful products. |
front 40 Cloning | back 40 The process of producing genetically identical individuals. |
front 41 DNA Fingerprinting | back 41  A test usded to identify and evaluate the DNA of a person's cells - creates a DNA profile that can be used to identify individuals. |
front 42 DNA Sequencing | back 42  The process of determining the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule. |
front 43 Electrophoresis | back 43  A technique used to separate and sometimes purify macromolecules. Used in DNA fingerprinting to separate fragments of of DNA based on size to get a DNA profile. |
front 44 Gene Splicing | back 44  Used in genetic modification which involves cutting a gene from one organism and pasting it into the DNA of another organism to form recombinant DNA. |
front 45 Gene Therapy | back 45 The use of DNA as a drug to treat disease by delivering therapeutic DNA into a patient's cells. |
front 46 Genetic Engineering | back 46 Manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology. |
front 47 Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) | back 47 Organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. |
front 48 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) | back 48  A biotechnology technique that copies a specific DNA sequence to produce millions of copies of that DNA sequence |
front 49 Restriction Enzymes | back 49  Enzymes that cuts DNA at or near a specific nucleotide sequence. Used to form recombinant DNA. |
front 50 Selective Breeding | back 50 Also known as artificial selection. Process of breeding plants and animals for particular genetic traits. |
front 51 Stem Cells | back 51  Undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. |
front 52 Transgenic Organisms | back 52 Organism whose genetic characteristics have been altered using the techniques of genetic engineering. |