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Viewing:

Psychology Ch. 2

front 1

Three Goals of Scientific Enterprise

back 1

  • 1. Measurement and Description
  • 2. Understanding and Prediction
  • 3. Application and Control

front 2

Measurement and Description is?

back 2

Develop measurement techniques that make it possible to describe behavior clearly and precisely.

(ex. studying the effectiveness of muscle relaxation techniques in reducing anxiety, a psychologist must first develop a means of measuring anxiety.)

front 3

Understanding and Prediction is?

back 3

Forming a hypothesis about variables in an experiment; predicting how a variable or groups interact with each other.

front 4

Application and Control is?

back 4

Information gathered by scientists may be of some practical value in helping to solve problems in schools, businesses, mental health centers, etc. You use or apply the info you have found.

front 5

A tentative statement about the relationship between 2 or more variables is?

back 5

Hypothesis

front 6

Things that are observed or controlled in a study.

back 6

Variables

front 7

  • A system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations.
  • They are testable.
  • They are the product of inductive logic.
  • Allow scientists to move from description
  • (goal 1 from prior slide) to understanding (goal 2 to form a hypothesis).

back 7

Theories

front 8

Operational Definition

back 8

is the actions/definitions of operations that will be used to measure or control a variable.

front 9

What are the two types of research methods?

back 9

  1. Experimental approach
  2. Descriptive/Correlation method

front 10

Manipulating a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observing the changes in a second variable defines what?

back 10

Experimental appraoch

front 11

Systematically observe two variables to see whether there is an association between them (. Ex. case studies, surveys, naturalistic observation—explanation to follow.)

back 11

Descriptive/Correlation Methods

front 12

Independent Variable

back 12

a condition or event manipulated by experimenter

front 13

Dependent Variable

back 13

variable that is believed to change only if the independent variable changes it; depends on independent variable to effect it.

front 14

Experimental Group

back 14

group in an experiment that receives treatment from independent variable.

front 15

Control Group

back 15

group that does not receive any treatment in order to see if independent variable has any effect.

front 16

Extraneous variables

back 16

factors besides independent variables that might affect the dependent variables, and need to be controlled.

front 17

Confounded variables

back 17

when two variables are linked and their individual effects cannot be separated out.

front 18

Random Assignment

back 18

placing subjects in experimental groups such that each subject has an equal probability of ending up in any experimental group.

front 19

Advantages of the Experimental Method:

back 19

  • the ability to draw conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships from an experiment

front 20

Disadvantages of the Experimental Method:

back 20

  • artificial
  • ethical concerns
  • practical issues

front 21

When a researcher engages in careful observation of behavior without intervening directly with the subjects - allowing researchers to study behavior under conditions that are less artificial than experiments.

back 21

Naturalistic observation

  • can be used to study animals in their natural habitat

front 22

An in-depth and generally highly subjective or impressionistic report on a single individual that may be based on interviews, psychological testing, and so on. One of the main concerns with the case study method of research is that the experiences reported may not be representative of other cases.

back 22

A case study

front 23

Use questionnaires or interviews to find out about specific aspects of people’s backgrounds, attitudes or opinions. The tendency for participants to participate in survey research appears to have declined in recent decades.

back 23

Surveys

front 24

Advantages of Descriptive/Correlation methods:

back 24

able to study situations considered to be unethical in an experiment or not practical.

front 25

Disadvantages of Descriptive/Correlation methods:

back 25

clinical samples are often unrepresentative

cause and effect study cannot be proven

front 26

Positive Correlation

back 26

when two or more variables vary in the same pattern.

front 27

Negative Correlation

back 27

when two or more variables show patterns of variation directly opposite of one another.