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62 notecards = 16 pages (4 cards per page)

Viewing:

Introduction

front 1

Development

back 1

  • the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life span

front 2

Life Expectancy

back 2

  • the average number of years that a person born in a particular year can expect to live

front 3

Life-Span Perspective

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  • views development as lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual, and as a process that involves growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss

front 4

Plasicity

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  • the capacity for change

front 5

3 Types of Contextual Influences

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  1. Normative Age-Graded
  2. Normative History-Graded
  3. Nonnormative Life Events

front 6

Normative Age-Graded Influence

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  • similar for individuals in a particular group
  • Ex: menopause, puberty, commencement of education

front 7

Normative History-Graded Influence

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  • common to people of a particular generation because of historical circumstances
  • Ex: assassination of JFK and the great depression

front 8

Nonnormative Life Events

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  • unusual occurrences that have a major impact on a individuals life
  • Ex: pregnancy at a very young age or winning the lottery

front 9

Culture

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  • behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a group of people that are passed on from generation to generation

front 10

Cross-Cultural Studies

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  • comparison of one culture with one or more other cultures
  • provides information about the degree to which development is similar, or universal, across cultures.

front 11

Ethnicity

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  • a characteristic based on cultural heritage, nationality characteristics, race, religion, and language

front 12

Socioeconomic Status (SES)

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  • grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics

front 13

Gender

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  • Characteristics of people as males or females

front 14

Social Policy

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  • national government's course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens
  • Ex: values, economics, and politics

front 15

Biological Processes

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  • changes in an individual's physical nature
  • Ex: genes from parents, the development of the brain, height, and weight, nutrition, exercise, and hormonal changes

front 16

Cognitive Processes

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  • changes in an individual's thought, intelligence, and language

front 17

Socioemotional Processes

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  • changes in an individual's relationships with others, emotions, and personality

front 18

Prenatal Period

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  • conception to birth
  • involves tremendous growth from a single cell to an organism with brain and behavioral capabilities

front 19

Infancy

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  • the development period from birth to 18 or 24 months
  • extremely dependent on adults
  • psychological activities are just beginning

front 20

Early Childhood

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  • the developmental period from about 3 through 5 years
  • sometimes called preschool years
  • develop school readiness skills

front 21

Middle and Late Childhood

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  • the developmental period from about 6 to 10 years

front 22

Adolscence

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  • the developmental period of transition from childhood to early adulthood
  • approx. 10 to 18 years
  • rapid physical change

front 23

Early Adulthood

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  • the developmental period that begins in the early 20s and lasts to through the 30s
  • time of establishing personal and economic independence

front 24

Middle Adulthood

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  • the developmental period from approx. 40 to about 60 years of age

front 25

Late Adulthood

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  • the developmental period that begins in the 60s and lasts until death
  • time of life review and retirement

front 26

Four Ages According to Life Span Developmentalists

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  1. first age
  2. second age
  3. third age
  4. fourth age

front 27

First Age

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  • childhood and adolscence

front 28

Second Age

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  • prime adulthood
  • ages 20 through 39

front 29

Third Age

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  • approx. 60 through 79 years of age

front 30

Fourth Age

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  • approx. 80 years and older

front 31

Chronological Age

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  • the number of years that have elapsed since birth

front 32

Biological Age

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  • a person's age in terms of biological health

front 33

Psychological Age

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  • an individual's adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age

front 34

Social Age

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  • connectedness with others and the social roles individuals adopt

front 35

Nature-Nurture Issue

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  • debate about whether development is primarily influenced by nature or nurture

front 36

Nature

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  • refers to an organism's biological inheritance

front 37

Nurture

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  • refers to environmental experiences

front 38

Stability-Change Issue

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  • involves the degree to which early traits and characteristics persist through life or change

front 39

Continuity-Discontinuity

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  • debate about the extent to which development involves gradual cumulative change (continuity) or distinct stages (discontinuity)

front 40

Scientific Method

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  • an approach that can be used to obtain accurate information. It includes the following steps:
    1. conceptualize the problem
    2. collect data
    3. draw conclusions
    4. revise research conclusions and theory

front 41

Theory

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  • an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain phenomena and facilitate predictions

front 42

Hypotheses

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  • specific assumptions and predictions that can be tested to determine their accuracy

front 43

Theories of Development

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  1. psychoanalytic theories
  2. cognitive theories
  3. behavioral theories
  4. ethological theory
  5. ecological theory
  6. an eclectic theoretical orientation

front 44

Psychoanalytic Theories

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  • describe development as primarily unconscious (beyond awareness) and heavily colored by emotion

behavior is merely a a surface for characteristics

front 45

Laboratory

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  • A controlled setting where many of the complex factors of the "real world" are absent

front 46

Naturalistic Observation

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  • observing behavior in real-world settings, making no effort to manipulate or control the situation

front 47

Standardized Test

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  • a test with uniform procedures for administration and scoring
  • allows a person performance to be compared with performance of other individuals

front 48

Case Study

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  • an in depth look at a single individual

front 49

Descriptive Research

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  • studies designed to observe and record behavior

front 50

Correlational Research

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  • studies in which the goal is to describe the strength of the relationship between two or more events or characteristics

front 51

Experiment

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  • a carefully regulated procedure in which one or more of the factors believed to influence the behavior being studied are manipulated while other factors are held constant

front 52

Independent Variable

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  • a manipulated, influential, experimental factor
  • is the potential cause

front 53

Dependent Variable

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  • a factor that can change in an experiment, in response to changes in the independent variable

front 54

Experimental Group

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  • a group whose experience is manipulated

front 55

Control Group

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  • a comparison group that is as similar to the experimental group as possible

front 56

Cross-Sectional Approach

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  • a research strategy in which individuals of different ages are compared at one time

front 57

Longitudinal Approach

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  • a research strategy in which the same individuals are studied over a period of time, usually several years or more

front 58

Cohort Effects

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  • effects due to a person's time of birth, era, or generation rather than the person's actual age

front 59

Conducting Ethical Research

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  1. informed consent
  2. confidentiality
  3. debriefing
  4. deception

front 60

Informed Consent

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  • All participants must know what their research participation will involve and what risks might develop

front 61

Confidentiality

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  • researchers are responsible for keeping all of the data they gather on individuals completely confidential

front 62

Debriefing

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  • participants should be informed of the study's purpose and methods that were used