front 1 What are the anatomical and functional links between the endocrine system and nervous system? | back 1 hypothalamus and adrenal medulla |
front 2 What is an endocrine glad? | back 2 gland that secretes hormones into the bloodstream |
front 3 What is a hormone? | back 3 chemical that alters the activity of specific cells |
front 4 What is a target cell? | back 4 specific cell targeted by hormones |
front 5 How do paracrine regulators differ from hormones? | back 5 a paracrine regulator is a target cell near the secreting cell |
front 6 How do autocrine regulators differ from hormones? | back 6 an autocrine regulator is a target cell that is also the secreting cell |
front 7 What are the chemical classes of hormones? | back 7 polypeptides, steroids, amines |
front 8 Lipid-soluble hormones mode of transport to the bloodstream | back 8 cytoplasm or nucleus |
front 9 Water-soluble hormones mode of transport to the bloodstream | back 9 2nd messenger system |
front 10 Lipid-soluble ability to pass through the cell membranes of target cells | back 10 directly trigger cell response |
front 11 Water-soluble ability to pass through the cell membranes of target cells | back 11 indirectly trigger cell response via signal transduction |
front 12 Lipid-soluble location of receptors at target cells | back 12 inside target cells |
front 13 Water-soluble location of receptors at target cells | back 13 surface of target cells |
front 14 How do lipid-soluble hormones typically affect target cells? | back 14 alter gene transcription and protein production |
front 15 How do water-soluble hormones typically affect target cells? | back 15 alter membrane transport, enzyme activation, or gene transcription |
front 16 Examples of lipid-soluble hormones | back 16 cortisol and thyroxine |
front 17 Examples of water-soluble hormones | back 17 insulin and epinephrine |
front 18 How can a single hormone have multiple effects? | back 18 different receptor types produce different responses |
front 19 What are tissues that produce hormones? | back 19 endocrine tissues |
front 20 What are organs that produce hormones? | back 20 endocrine glands |
front 21 Anatomy of the anterior pituitary | back 21 pars distalis, Pars tuberalis, Pars intermedia |
front 22 Function of the anterior pituitary | back 22 hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones control release of hormones from anterior pituitary |
front 23 Anatomy of the posterior pituitary | back 23 Pars nervosa, Infundibular stalk |
front 24 Function of the posterior pituitary | back 24 neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus release hormones from posterior pituitary |
front 25 Eight hormones released from the anterior pituitary (with their target cells and functions) | back 25 tropic, FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, Prolactin, MSH, GH |
front 26 Two hormones released from the posterior pituitary (with their target cells and functions) | back 26 oxytocin and ADH (vasopressin) |
front 27 thyroid gland | back 27 T3 and T4; regulate metabolic rate and proper growth and development calcitonin; lowers blood calcium |
front 28 parathyroid gland | back 28 parathyroid hormone; increases blood calcium and completes vitamin D synthesis in kidneys |
front 29 pancreas | back 29 insulin; lowers blood glucose glucagon; raises blood glucose |
front 30 thymus | back 30 thymosin; controls maturation of T cells |
front 31 adrenal medulla | back 31 epinephrine and norepinephrine; promote fight-or-flight response |
front 32 adrenal cortex | back 32 aldosterone and cortisol; increase blood glucose and pressure |
front 33 pineal gland | back 33 melatonin; regulates daily and seasonal rhythms and controls the reproductive system |
front 34 ovaries | back 34 estrogen and progesterone; control development of sex traits and reproduction |
front 35 testes | back 35 testosterone; controls development of sex traits and sex drive |
front 36 small intestines | back 36 secretin and CCK; stimulate pancreas to release bicarbonate and enzymes, and stimulates gall bladder to contract |
front 37 kidney | back 37 erythropoieten; increases red blood cell production |
front 38 placenta | back 38 HCG; maintains endometrium during pregnancy |
front 39 What are the stress responses of glucocorticoids? | back 39 Proteins and fats broken down and converted to glucose, leading to increased blood glucose. Partial suppression of immune system. |
front 40 What are the stress responses of mineralocorticoids? | back 40 Retention of sodium ions and water by kidneys. Increased blood volume and pressure. |
front 41 What are the stress responses of epinephrine and norepinephrine? | back 41 glycogen broken down to glucose; increased blood glucose. increased blood pressure, breathing rate, and metabolic rate. Change in blood flow patterns. |
front 42 What is the role of a second messenger in hormone action? | back 42 It relays a hormone's message inside a target cell. |
front 43 Which one of the following endocrine organs does not actually manufacture hormones but, rather, stores hormones produced elsewhere? | back 43 posterior pituitary |