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A&P II Chapter 24: The Digestive System

front 1

Anabolism

back 1

nutrients are used as raw materials for synthesizing essential compounds

front 2

Catabolism

back 2

decomposes substances to provide energy cells need to function

front 3

Catabolic Reactions

back 3

-requires two essential ingredients

  1. Oxygen
  2. Organic molecules ( such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins) broken down by intracellular enzymes

front 4

The Digestive Tract

back 4

  • aka the gastrointestinal (GI) tract or alimentary canal
  • is a muscular tube
  • includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines
  • extends from the oral cavity to the anus

front 5

Accessory Digestive Organs

back 5

  • teeth
  • tongue
  • salivary glands
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas

front 6

6 Functions of the Digestive System

back 6

  1. Ingestion
  2. Mechanical Processing
  3. Digestion
  4. Secretion
  5. Absorption
  6. Excretion

front 7

Ingestion

back 7

  • takes place when materials enters the oral cavity

front 8

Mechanical Processing

back 8

  • crushing and shearing, making materials easier to move along the digestive tract

front 9

Digestion

back 9

  • the chemical breakdown of food into small organic fragments for absorption by digestive epithelium

front 10

Secretion

back 10

  • the release of water, acids, enzymes, buffers, and salts by the epithelium of the digestive tract & glandular organs

front 11

Absorption

back 11

  • the movement of organic substrates, electrolytes, vitamins, and water across digestive epithelium and into interstitial fluid of the digestive trace

front 12

Excretion

back 12

the removal of wastes from the body

*defecation

front 13

Defecation

back 13

ejection of wastes from the digestive tract eliminating them as feces

front 14

Serosa or Visceral Peritoneum

back 14

covers organs within peritoneal cavity

front 15

Parietal Peritoneum

back 15

lines inner surfaces of body wall

front 16

Peritoneal Fluid

back 16

  • produced by the serous membrane lining
  • provides essential lubrication
  • separates parietal and visceral surfaces, allowing sliding without friction or irritation

front 17

Ascites

back 17

  • excess peritoneal fluid causing abdominal swelling

front 18

Mesenteries

back 18

  • double sheets of peritoneal membrane
  • suspend portions of the digestive tract within the peritoneal cavity by sheets of serous membrane that connect parietal and visceral peritoneum
  • stabilize positions of attached organs
  • prevent intestines from being entangled

front 19

Areolar Tissue Between Mesothelial Surfaces

back 19

-provides an access route to and from the digestive tract for passage of blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels

front 20

The Lesser Omentum

back 20

  • fat skin
  • stabilizes the position of the stomach
  • provides an access route for blood vessels and other structures entering or leaving the liver
  • attaches stomach to liver

front 21

The Falciform Ligament

back 21

  • helps stabilize the position of the liver, relative to the diaphragm and abdominal wall

front 22

The Dorsal Mesentery

back 22

  • enlarges to form an enormous pouch, called the greater omentum

front 23

The Greater Omentum

back 23

  • extends inferiorly between the body wall and the anterior surface of the small intestine
  • hangs like an apron, from the inferior and lateral borders of the stomach

front 24

Adipose Tissue in the Greater Omentum

back 24

  • conforms to shapes of surrounding organs
  • provides padding & protection
  • insulates to reduce heat loss
  • stores lipid energy reserves

front 25

The Mesentery Proper

back 25

  • suspends all but the first 25 cm of small intestine
  • thick mesenterial sheet
  • provides stability, but permits SOME independent movement
  • associated with the duodenum and pancreas
  • fuses with posterior abdominal wall, locking structures in position

front 26

Four Layers of the Digestive Tract

back 26

  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis externa
  4. serosa

front 27

The Mucosa

back 27

  • the inner lining of digestive tract
  • mucous membrane
  • consists of epithelium, moistened by glandular secretions
  • lamina propria of areolar tissue

front 28

The Digestive Epithelium

back 28

  • mucosal epithelium is either simple or stratified depending on the location, function, and stresses

front 29

Lined with Stratified Squamous

back 29

  • oral cavity
  • pharynx
  • esophagus

front 30

Lined with Simple Columnar Epithelium

back 30

  • for absorption
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • most of the large intestine
  • contains mucous cells

front 31

Enteroendocrine Cells

back 31

  • scattered amongst columnar cells of the digestive tract
  • secrete hormones that coordinate the activities of the digestive tract

front 32

Lining of the Digestive Tract

back 32

  • appears as longitudinal folds, which disappears as the tract fills
  • folding increases the surface area available for absorption

front 33

The Lamina Propria

back 33

  • layer of areolar tissue
  • contains:
    1. blood vessels
    2. sensory nerve ending
    3. lymphatic vessels
    4. smooth muscle cells
    5. scattered areas of lymphoid tissue

front 34

The Muscularis Mucusae

back 34

  • narrow sheet of smooth muscle and elastic fibers in lamina propria
  • cells are arranged in two concentric layers

front 35

The Submucosa

back 35

  • layer of dense irregular connective tissue
  • binds the mucosa to the muscularis externa
  • has numerous blood and lymphatic vessels
  • some regions contains exocrine glands that secrete buffers and enzymes into the lumen of the digestive tract

front 36

Submucosal Plexus

back 36

  • aka Meissner plexus
  • network of intrinsic nerve fibers and scattered neurons
  • contains sensory neurons, parasympathetic ganglionic neurons, and sympathetic postganglionic fibers

front 37

The Muscularis Externa

back 37

  • smooth muscles dominates this region
  • cells are arranged in circular layer and outer longitudinal layer