front 1 Following a long history of facial and hand changes, Bill Brown was diagnosed with a somatropic adenoma. Adenoma refers to: | back 1 bone cartilage enlargement; an endocrine tumour; abnormally high levels of Growth Hormone; |
front 2 A 22-year-old male is admitted to the intensive care unit with a closed head injury sustained in a motorcycle accident. The injury has caused severe damage to the posterior pituitary. Which of the following complications should be anticipated? | back 2 Dehydration from polyuria |
front 3 Insufficient thyroid hormone production during pregnancy and childhood can result in: | back 3 cretinism |
front 4 To adapt to high hormone concentrations, many target cells have the capacity for: | back 4 downregulation |
front 5 Removal of the posterior pituitary would cause a decrease in the release of which hormone? | back 5 Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
front 6 Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | back 6 follicle-stimulating hormone; |
front 7 Signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism are: | back 7 bradycardia, myxoedema and weight gain; |
front 8 Bill was found to have abnormally high levels of Growth Hormone. An increase in growth hormone in adulthood results in: | back 8 acromegaly. |
front 9 Diagnosis of Cushing’s disease includes: | back 9 striae, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis; |
front 10 Insulin is primarily regulated by: | back 10 serum glucose levels; |
front 11 Management of diabetes mellitus involves measuring glycated (glycosylated) haemoglobin (haemoglobin A1c) levels. The purpose of this test is to: | back 11 monitor long-term serum glucose control; |
front 12 Gabriel is likely to have an enlarged thyroid gland is known as goitre. In which thyroid states would goitre be found? | back 12 Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism and Chronic iodine deficiency |
front 13 A 54-year-old patient with pulmonary tuberculosis (lung infection) is evaluated for syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH). Which of the following electrolyte imbalances would be expected in this patient? | back 13 Hyponatraemia |
front 14 Gabriel developed severe tachycardia, agitation and nausea. The nursing staff were concerned he had developed cardiac failure because: | back 14 hyperthyroidism is associated with increased metabolic rate, an increased cardiac output and possible atrial fibrillation which can lead to congestive heart failure. |
front 15 An example for tertiary endocrine dysfunction is: | back 15 a tumour in the hypothalamus |
front 16 Endocrine functions are | back 16 homeostasis, stress response, growth and development and sexual maturation. |
front 17 Hormones are released | back 17 in response to an alteration in the cellular environment, to maintain a regulated level of certain substances or other hormones. |
front 18 Regulation of hormones is mainly through | back 18 negative feedback. |
front 19 Low levels of hormones cause | back 19 an increase in receptors on the cell known as up regulation. |
front 20 High levels of hormones cause | back 20 a decrease in receptors on the cells known as down regulation. |
front 21 Hormone receptors are located | back 21 in the plasma membrane or inside the target cell. |
front 22 Protein based (water soluble) hormones | back 22 cannot cross the barrier require a messenger to cross. |
front 23 Steroid based (lipid soluble) hormones | back 23 easily diffuse across the membrane |
front 24 Endocrine dysfunction | back 24 Primary Secondary Tertiary |
front 25 Primary endocrine dysfunction | back 25 malfunction of the gland producing the hormone |
front 26 Secondary endocrine dysfunction | back 26 normal gland abnormally releasing or stimulating gland (usually pituitary gland) |
front 27 Tertiary endocrine dysfunction | back 27 problem with the hypothalamus and pituitary axis usually caused by a tumor. |
front 28 Anterior pituitary gland releases | back 28 growth hormone (GH) thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) luteinising hormone (LH) Prolactin |
front 29 Posterior pituitary gland releases | back 29 anti diuretic hormone (ADH) Oxytocin |
front 30 SIADH | back 30 syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. increase secretion of ADH causes increased renal water retension, hyponatraemia and hypo-osmolality. |
front 31 Alterations if pituitary function include | back 31 diabetes insipidus |
front 32 Diabetes insipidus | back 32 insufficent ADH polyuria and polydypsia partial or total inability to concentrate the urine |
front 33 Pituitary tumors | back 33 Primary - adenoma Secondary - metastatic lesions functional - secrete pituitary hormones nonfunctional - do not secrete hormones. |
front 34 Decrease growth hormone causes | back 34 dwarfism |
front 35 Increased growth hormone causes | back 35 gigantism |
front 36 Somatotropin | back 36 used for treatment of GH deficiency |
front 37 Somatostatin | back 37 used for treatment of excessive GH inhibits release of GH from hypothalamus |
front 38 Excessive growth hormone in adults can cause | back 38 acromegaly |
front 39 Type 1 diabetes mellitus is | back 39 destruction of insulin producing beta cells therefore no insulin produced. |
front 40 Type 2 diabetes mellitus is | back 40 cellular resistance, insulin produced but target tissues are not responsive. |
front 41 Gestational diabetes | back 41 diabetes during pregnancy due to hormonal changes associated with pregnancy |
front 42 Metformin is used for | back 42 type 2 diabetes mellitus. It decreases glucose production, decreases glucose absorption in the gut and increases receptor sensitivity for insulin. |
front 43 Thyroid produces | back 43 calcitonin - inhibits osteoclast activity reducing calcium within the blood. |
front 44 Parathyroid produces | back 44 parathyroid hormone - increases osteoblast activity to increase calcium within the blood. |
front 45 The hypothalamis is the coordinating center of the brain for | back 45 the endocrine, behavioural and autonomic nervous system function |
front 46 Primary defects in the endocrine function originate in | back 46 the target gland responsible for producing the hormone. |
front 47 Hypofunction of the pituitary gland results in | back 47 short stature |
front 48 An overactive thyroid gland results in | back 48 a higher metabolism. |
front 49 What hormone is central to the maintenance of body metabolism, growth and development in children? | back 49 Thyroid hormone. |
front 50 What hormone has multiple roles including anti-insulin effects, the length of linear bones and the rate of cell division. | back 50 Growth hormone. |
front 51 When hormones act locally on cells other than those that produced the hormone, the action is called | back 51 paracrine. |
front 52 When a hormone acts on the cell that produced it | back 52 autocrine |
front 53 Goitre is | back 53 a visible increase in size of the thyroid gland and can be caused by either hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. |