front 1 social stratification | back 1 is the creation of layers of a population who possess unequal shares of scarce desirables, the most important of which are income, wealth, power, and prestige. |
front 2 social class | back 2 each of the layers is a ------- a segment of the population whose
members hold a relatively similar share of scarce desirables and who
share values, norms, and an identifiable lifestyle |
front 3 bourgeoisie | back 3 those who owned the capital (the means of production) ----- would be
the rulers |
front 4 proletariat | back 4 those who worked for wages the ------ would be the ruled |
front 5 life chances | back 5 the likelihood of securing the "good things in life" such
as housing, education, good health, and food. |
front 6 income | back 6 the amount of money received (within a given time period) by an
individual or a group |
front 7 wealth | back 7 refers to all the economic resources possessed by an individual or a group |
front 8 power | back 8 is the ability to control the behavior of others, even against their
will |
front 9 prestige | back 9 a third dimension of social stratification is ------- recognition, respect, and admiration attached to social positions |
front 10 conspicuous consumption | back 10 people with sufficient economic resources may use their wealth to
enhance their prestige; they may consume goods, and services to
display thier wealth to others |
front 11 false consciousness | back 11 to refer to working class acceptance of the dominant ideology (even
though ideology worked against working-class interests) |
front 12 class consciousness | back 12 a sense of identification with the goals and interests of the members
of ones own social class |
front 13 working poor | back 13 about 13% of the population- consist of people employed in low-skill
jobs with the lowest pay |
front 14 underclass | back 14 (about 12 %) is composed of people who are usually unemployed and who
come from families with a history of unemployment |
front 15 absolute poverty | back 15 the absence of enough money to secure lifes necessities |
front 16 relative poverty | back 16 is measured by comparing the economic condition of those at the bottom of a society with that of other strata |
front 17 feminization of poverty | back 17 between 1960 and today women and children make up a larger proportion
of the poor |
front 18 life chances | back 18 refers to the likelihood of possessing the good things in life,
health, happiness, education, wealth, legal protection and even life itself |
front 19 liifestyle | back 19 refers to social class differences in patterns of living in areas
like education, marital and family relations, child rearing, political
attitudes and behavior and religious affiliation |
front 20 social mobility | back 20 refers to the movement of individuals or groups within a
stratification structure |
front 21 intragenerational mobility intergenerational mobility | back 21 social mobility can be horizontal or vertical. both types of mobility can be measured either within a career of an individual |
front 22 horizontal mobility | back 22 a change from one occupation to another at the same general status
level is called |
front 23 vertical mobility | back 23 occupational status or social class moves upward or downward----- can also be ---- or -----. simplest way to measure these is to compare an individuals present occupation with their first one |
front 24 caste system | back 24 there is no social mobility because social status in inherited and
cannot be changed |
front 25 structural mobility | back 25 this type of --- mobility which occurs because of changes in the distribution of occupational opportunities |
front 26 dependency theory | back 26 in common with conflict theory, post modernists attribute persistent
poverty in low-income countries to continued exploitation, domination,
and manipulation by high-income countries. |
front 27 minority | back 27 a people who possess some distinctive physical or cultural
characteristics, are dominated by the majority and are denied equal treatment |
front 28 race | back 28 is a category of people who allegedly share certain biologically
inherited physical characteristics that are considered socially
important within a soicety |
front 29 racism | back 29 connects biological differences with judgments of innate superiority
or inferiority |
front 30 ethnic minority | back 30 we identify socially an ---- by its unique characteristics related to culture or nationality |
front 31 assimilation | back 31 involves "those processes whereby groups with distinctive
identities become culturally and socially fused together" |
front 32 de jure subjugation | back 32 as in the segregation of african americans following reconstruction
in the us or in the former apartheid system of law in s africa |
front 33 de facto subjugation | back 33 no data |
front 34 prejudice | back 34 refers to a widely held preconceptions of a group (minority or majority) and its individual members--- refers to biased attitudes |
front 35 discrimination | back 35 refers to unequal treatment |
front 36 stereotype | back 36 is a set of ideas based on distortion, exaggeration, and
oversimplification and applied to all members of a social category |
front 37 hate crimes | back 37 criminal acts motivated by prejudice |
front 38 scapegoats | back 38 serve as convenient and less feared targets on which to place the
blame for ones own troubles, frustrations, failures or sense of guilt |
front 39 authoritarian personality | back 39 that tends to be more prejudiced than other types. the ----- is characterized by excessive conformity; submissiveness to authority figures; inflexibility; repression of impulses; desires, and ideas; fearfulness; and arrogance toward persons or groups thought to be inferior |
front 40 self-fulfilling prophecy | back 40 when the expectation leads to behavior that then causes the expectation to become a reality |
front 41 institutionalized discrimination | back 41 this type of discrimination is the result of unfair practices that
are part of the structure of society and have grown out of
traditionally accepted behaviors |
front 42 direct institutionalized discrimination | back 42 refers to organization or community actions intended to deprive a
racial or ethnic minority of its rights |
front 43 indirect institutionalized discrimination | back 43 refers to unintentional behavior that negatively affects a minority |
front 44 internal colonialism | back 44 domestic colonialism, refers to the domination of oppression of one
group by another group within the same society |
front 45 hidden unemployment | back 45 discouraged workers who have stopped looking or part-time workers who
would prefer full-time jobs |
front 46 underclass | back 46 a permanently poor trapped in inner-city ghettos |
front 47 racial profiling | back 47 the us justice department defines------ as police action based on
personal characteristics (race, religion, ethnicity, national orgin)
rather than on personal behavior |
front 48 dual labor market | back 48 the existence of a split between core and peripheral segments of the economy and the division of hte labor force into preferred marginalized workers |
front 49 transnationals | back 49 immigrants who maintain ties in more than one country |
front 50 biological determinism | back 50 the attribution of behavioral differences to inherited physical characteristics |
front 51 sex | back 51 the biological distinction between male and female |
front 52 gender | back 52 the expectations and behaviors associated with a sex category within
a society- is acquired through socialization |
front 53 gender identity | back 53 an awareness of being masculine or feminine, based on culture |
front 54 sexual harassment | back 54 the use of ones superior power in making unwelcome advances |
front 55 gender socialization | back 55 the social process in which boys learn to act the way society assumes
boys will behave and girls learn to act in ways society expects them |
front 56 stereotype | back 56 was defined as a set of ideas based on distortion, exaggeration, and
oversimplification that is applied to all members of a social catagory |
front 57 sex stereotype | back 57 is used to portray one sex as innately superior to the other |
front 58 gender roles | back 58 involve culturally based expectations associated with each sex |
front 59 SEXISM | back 59 A SET of beliefs, norms, and values used to justify sexual inequality |
front 60 occupational sex segregation | back 60 despite the increased participation in the labor force, women are still concentrated in different occupations as men |
front 61 dual labor market | back 61 a split economy into a core segment of preferred workers and a peripheral segment of hte marginalized workers |
front 62 chivalry hypothesis | back 62 females are treated more leniently than males because the men who control the criminal justice system have a protective attitude toward women |
front 63 womens movement | back 63 a social movement aimed at the achievement of sexual equality, socially, equally, politically and economically |
front 64 feminist theory | back 64 is defined as a branch of conflict theory that links the lives of
women (and men) to the structure of gender relationships |