front 1 What are the types of muscle tissue | back 1 skeletal, smooth, cardiac |
front 2 Which type of muscle tissue are attached to bone and skin, are striated, voluntary, contract rapidly, and require nervous system stimulation? | back 2 skeletal muscle |
front 3 What type of muscle tissue is only in the heart, striated, can contract without nervous system stimulation, and is involuntary? | back 3 cardiac muscle |
front 4 What type of muscle tissue is also called visceral, is not striated, can contract without nervous system stimulation, is involuntary, and found in the walls of hollow organs? | back 4 smooth muscle |
front 5 What type of muscle tissue is multinucleated? | back 5 skeletal muscle |
front 6 What special characteristic of muscle tissue is the ability to receive and respond to stimuli? | back 6 excitability |
front 7 What special characteristic of muscle tissue is the ability to shorten forcibly when stimulated? | back 7 contractility |
front 8 What special characteristic of muscle tissue is the ability to be stretched? | back 8 extensibility |
front 9 What special characteristic of muscle tissue is the ability to recoil to resting length? | back 9 elasticity |
front 10 What are the important functions of muscle? | back 10 movement of fluid or bones; maintain posture and body position; stabilizing joints; heat generation |
front 11 What are the additional functions of muscles? | back 11 protect organs; form valves; control pupil size; causes goosebumps |
front 12 Each muscle is served by what? | back 12 one artery, one nerve, and one or more veins |
front 13 What is the most external part of skeletal muscle - a dense, irregular connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle? | back 13 epimysium |
front 14 What is the fibrous connective tissue that surrounds fascicles (groups of muscle fibers) in skeletal muscle? | back 14 perimysium |
front 15 What is the fine areolar connective tissue surrounding each individual muscle fiber/cell? | back 15 endomysium |
front 16 Skeletal muscle attaches in at least what two places? | back 16 origin and insertion |
front 17 What type of attachment in skeletal muscle occurs when the epimysium is fused to the periosteum of bone or the perichondrium of cartilage? | back 17 direct |
front 18 What type of attachment in skeletal muscle occurs when connective tissue wrappings extend beyond the muscle as rope-like tendon or sheetlike aponeurosis? | back 18 indirect |
front 19 What is the plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber/cell called? | back 19 sarcolemma |
front 20 What is the cytoplasm called in a skeletal muscle fiber? | back 20 sarcoplasm |
front 21 What are the modified structures called in a skeletal muscle fiber? | back 21 myofibrils, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and T tubules |
front 22 In skeletal muscle, what is the lighter region in the middle of the dark A band, where filaments do not overlap? | back 22 H zone |
front 23 In skeletal muscle, what is the line of protein myomesin that bisects the H zone? | back 23 M line |
front 24 In skeletal muscle, what is the coin shaped sheet of proteins on the midline of the light I band that anchors thin filaments and connects myofibrils to one another? | back 24 Z disc (line) |
front 25 Which filaments run the entire length of the A band? | back 25 thick filaments |
front 26 Which filaments run the length of the I band and partway into the A band? | back 26 thin filaments |
front 27 What is the region between two successive Z discs called? | back 27 sarcomere |
front 28 What is the smallest contractile unit (functional unit) of muscle fiber? | back 28 sarcomere |
front 29 What are the thin filaments called that extend across the I band and partway into A band, and are anchored to Z discs? | back 29 Actin |
front 30 What are the thick filaments called that extend the length of the A band and connect at the M line? | back 30 Myosin |
front 31 Myosin heads contain 2 smaller, light polypeptide chains that act as ______ _______ during contraction. | back 31 cross bridges |
front 32 What are the regulatory proteins that bind to actin? | back 32 tropomyosin and troponin |
front 33 What links thin filaments to proteins of the sarcolemma; and are mutated in someone with muscular distrophy? | back 33 Dystrophin |
front 34 What functions in regulation of intracellular calcium levels, stores and releases calcium to allow muscles to contract? | back 34 sarcoplasmic reticulum |
front 35 What are continuations of the sarcolemma, increase the muscle fiber's surface area, penetrate the cell's interior at each A band-I band junction, and associate with paired terminal cisterns to form triads that encircle each sarcomere? | back 35 T tubules |
front 36 In the triad, what conducts impulses deep into the muscle fiber? | back 36 T tubules |
front 37 During contraction, thin filaments slide past thick filaments, and actin and myosin overlap more. This is called? | back 37 sliding filament model of contraction |
front 38 What occurs when myosin heads bind to actin? | back 38 cross bridges |
front 39 What forms and breaks several times, ratcheting thin filaments towards the center of the sarcomere? | back 39 cross bridges |
front 40 What must happen for skeletal muscle to contract? | back 40 activation (must generate action potential in the sarcolemma) and excitation-contraction coupling (action potential is propagated along the sarcolemma and calcium levels rise briefly) |
front 41 What does the sarcoplasmic reticulum release to bind to troponin? | back 41 calcium |
front 42 What happens when calcium/potassium enter/leave the cell? | back 42 It becomes depolarized |
front 43 When calcium binds to troponin, what is exposed? | back 43 myosin-binding sites on actin |
front 44 What binds to actin, causing contraction to begin? | back 44 myosin heads |
front 45 Action potential travels along what, causing the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium? | back 45 T tubules |