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Biology 191 Final Review - Midterm Exam II

front 1

A molecule that has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions is:

back 1

Amphipathic

front 2

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is:

back 2

Osmosis

front 3

The ___ is dissolved in the ___.

back 3

Solute...solvent

front 4

All cells are separated from their surroundings by:

back 4

A plasma membrane

front 5

Which of the following extracellular matrix components is embedded in a cell's phospholipid bilayer?

back 5

Integrins

front 6

What does cholesterol do in a plasma membrane environment that is in a cold environment?

back 6

Increases membrane fluidity

front 7

What does cholesterol do in a plasma membrane that is in a warm environment?

back 7

Decreases membrane fluidity

front 8

Glycoproteins are formed when carbohydrates are attached to proteins using:

back 8

Covalent bonds

front 9

What protein facilitates the passive transport of water across a membrane?

back 9

Aquaporins

front 10

Glycoproteins that will wind up on a cell's surface have their carbohydrates attached in the:

back 10

Golgi Apparatus

front 11

The First Law of Thermodynamics states that:

back 11

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed.

front 12

The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that:

back 12

The total amount of disorder in the universe is constantly increasing.

front 13

The change in the Gibbs Free Energy for a reaction is defined as:

back 13

front 14

A reaction that has a positive delta G is: Favorable
Spontaneous
Able to proceed without the input of additional energy
All of the above
None of the above

back 14

None of the above

front 15

A chemical reaction that releases energy is:

back 15

Exergonic

front 16

How do enzymes work to speed up chemical reactions?

back 16

Enzymes lower the activation energy needed for the reaction to start.

front 17

The position on an enzyme molecule that catalyzes its chemical reaction is the:

back 17

Active site

front 18

A molecule that binds to an enzyme (but does NOT bind to the position that #17 asked about) and slows down the enzyme's catalytic activity, is:

back 18

An allosteric inhibitor

front 19

How do cells make energetically unfavorable reactions proceed?

back 19

They couple unfavorable reactions to favorable ones, so the overall change in free energy is negative.

front 20

ATP hydrolysis has a free energy change of G = -7.2kCal/mol. Suppose a cell uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to power a multistep anabolic reaction with delta G = +21.6kCal/mol. At Least how many molecules of ATP must be hydrolyzed during the synthesis? (HINT: remember what the 2nd law of thermodynamics says about real-world efficiency!)

back 20

4 molecules (it's not 3 due to inefficiency)

front 21

Consider the combustion of natural gas in your stove: CH4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O +heat. Which component in this reaction is the reducing agent?

back 21

CH4

front 22

In the same reaction in #21, what component is the oxidizing agent?

back 22

O2

front 23

What is the proper order for all the stages of mitochondrial respiration?

back 23

Glycolysis => Pyruvate Oxidation => Citric Acid Cycle => Oxidative Phosphorylation

front 24

During glycolysis, how many molecules of ATP must the cell invest to begin digesting glucose?

back 24

2 molecules

front 25

What are the net products of glycolysis?

back 25

2 ATP
2 NADH
2 Pyruvate

front 26

During the process of respiration, when are the first molecules of CO2 released?

back 26

Pyruvate Oxidation

front 27

During the process of respiration, what step produces the most molecules of ATP?

back 27

Oxidative Phosphorylation

front 28

True or false: during the Citric Acid Cycle, the two carbon atoms added to the cycle are released as CO2 during the same round that they were added.

back 28

False

front 29

Which reaction releases the most energy during the process of respiration?

back 29

NADH => NAD+

front 30

In respiration, the molecules of ATP that are not produced by oxidative phosphorylation are all produced by:

back 30

Substrate-level phosphorylation

front 31

Which enzyme produced the most molecules of ATP in respiration?

back 31

ATP synthase

front 32

During oxidative phosphorylation, Protein Complexes I-IV pump protons from the ___ into the ___.

back 32

Mitochondrial matrix...intermembrane space

front 33

What is the energy source that directly powers ATP synthesis in oxidative phosphorylation?

back 33

A proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial space.

front 34

What molecule is the terminal electron acceptor in the mitochondrial electron transport chain?

back 34

O2

front 35

How does a cell doing alcohol fermentation benefit by converting Pyruvate to CO2 + ethanol?

back 35

It regenerates NAD+ needed to continue glycolysis.

front 36

Suppose you found a new species of plant whose chloroplasts contained an additional pigment that could absorb green light. What color would the plant most likely be?

back 36

Black

front 37

___ can produce their own energy while ___ get their energy from consuming material from other organisms.

back 37

Autotrophs...heterotrophs

front 38

The two main processes of photosynthesis are the Light reactions and:

back 38

The Calvin Cycle

front 39

What are the reagents used by the light reactions of photosynthesis?

back 39

ADP
NADP+
Pi
H2O

front 40

What are the products created by the light reactions of photosynthesis?

back 40

ATP
NADPH
O2

front 41

Which answer is true of photons?
Photons can only have certain fixed wavelengths
They are absorbed and emitted by the protons in the nucleus
The longer the wavelength, the lower the energy
The longer the wavelength, the higher the energy
They are both floor waxes and dessert toppings

back 41

The longer the wavelength, the lower the energy

front 42

The organelle where photosynthesis takes place in eukaryotes is the:

back 42

Chloroplast

front 43

The Calvin Cycle takes place inside the:

back 43

Stroma

front 44

In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is captured by:

back 44

Ribulose Biphosphate Carboxylase(RuBisCo)

front 45

At least how many photons must be captured for each molecule of NADPH synthesized during photosynthesis?

back 45

2 molecules

front 46

What does NOT happen during the Calvin Cycle?

back 46

Splitting of water

front 47

CAM plants do photosynthesis differently, in order to use what resource more efficiently?

back 47

H2O

front 48

During the light reactions of photosynthesis, what is the only thing that crosses the membrane to enter the thylakoid space?

back 48

Protons

front 49

A molecule emitting a photon of a different(longer) wavelength than it absorbed is:

back 49

Fluorescence

front 50

True or false: glucose is the first carbohydrate released by the Calvin Cycle:

back 50

False (it's G3P)