Contrast the way T cells recognize antigen with the way B cells do.

-B cells have receptors that bind all antigens
-T cells have receptors that only bind to processed antigens (antigens that have been presented by APC)

Summarize the maturation process of both B cells and T cells.

Both are produced in the bone marrow
-B cells mature in bone marrow
-T cells mature in the thymus

Mature B cells will travel to the Cortical Region of the Lymph Nodes to await activation. Mature T cells will travel to the Paracortical region (interior to the cortical region) of the Lymph Nodes to await activation

Outline the processes of clonal selection and expansion.

During the Antigen Independent period, stem cells produce many immature lymphocytes which get receptors specific to antigens. Clones that respond to self antigens (autoantigens) are eliminated during “clonal deletion”. From the “repertoire” of lymphocytes (each responding to a different antigen) a single clone which responds to a particular antigen will be activated and will proliferate (make many copies) and differentiate (make different subsets of cells)

Describe the B-cell receptor and the T-cell receptor.

-T cells have two subunits which each include a variable region which extends out of the cell membrane and a constant region which anchors the receptors to the cell membrane.
-B cells express a Y shaped antibody (immunoglobulin) that binds to antigens, and MHC-I and MHC-II markers.

Antigen

-any substance that causes your body to react with an immune response

Immunogen

-any substance that induces a state of sensitivity or resistance after processing by the immune system

Epitope

-the part of an antigen that defines its specificity and triggers the immune response

List characteristics of antigens that optimize their immunogenicity.

-Shape or type of molecule – usually a protein or having some peptide sequence 
-Size - 10,000 Da (or amu) or greater 
-Foreign – microbes, plant molecules, foreign human molecules (ie. different blood types or
cells with the wrong MHC-I molecule), or animal cells are considered foreign
-Accessibility - processed and presented antigens are more immunogenic than non-processed and presented antigens. Your immune system is alerting the lymphocytes about antigens.

List the types of cells that can act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs).

-macrophages
-dendritic cells
-B lymphocytes

Diagram the steps in the B cell response.

1. binding of antigen
2. antigen processing and presentation
3. B cell/T(h) cell cooperation and recognition
4. B cell activation
5. differentiation
6. clonal expansion

Make a detailed drawing of an antibody molecule.

Explain the six antibody functions.

1.Opsinizaiton: encourage the uptake of the microbe by phagocytes
2.Neutrilization: antibody fill the surface receptors on a virus to prevent it from attaching normally
3.Agglutination: the consequence of cross-linking cells or particles into large clumps
4.precipitation: clumping equal amounts of soluble antigen and antibodies making an insoluble precipitate (increases phagocytosis
5.Tag Antigens for destruction (increases phagocytosis
6.Complement: hole punch

Describe the memory response.

memory cells retain the memory of the infx so that if the infx ever happens again, these cells immediately begins to clone itself so that the infx does not spread.

List the three major types of cells that T cells will differentiate into after stimulation.

-T(H)1: CD4, requires MHC-II for activation
-T(H)2: CD4, requires B cells for activation
-T(C):CD8, requires MHC-I for activation

Explain how TC cells kill other cells.

-Macrophages/Dendritic cells engulf, process, and present antigen on their MHC-I molecules  -Virally infected cells present viral antigens in their MHC-I molecules
-CD-8 cells and their T-cell receptors recognize that the MHC-I molecule (a self receptor – like your ID badge or Driver’s license) is either missing (like a cancer cell), is altered (like a virally infected cell), or is wrong (like a foreign human or animal cell) and bind to the cell presenting the antigen.
-CD-8 cells produce cytokins (cytotoxins, perforins, or granzymes) which create holes in the membrane and the cell lyses/dies.

List and define the four different descriptors of specific immune states.

-active: exposed to antigens
-passive: exposed to antibodies
-natural: involves natural biological process
-artificial: involves medical intervention

Discuss the qualities of an effective vaccine.

-low level of adverse SE
-should protect against natural exposure to antigen
-should stimulate both B/T cell response
-should have long term effects
-should not require numerous doses or boosters
-should be inexpensive and easy to administer

Name the two major categories of vaccines and then the subcategories under each.

-whole cells or viruses:
a. live, attenuated cells or viruses
b. killed cells or inactivated viruses
-part-of-organism preparations (subunits)
a. subunits derived from cultures of cells or viruses
b. subunits chemically synthesized
c. subunits manufactured via genetic engineering
d. subunits conjugated w/proteins (conjugated vaccines)

Discuss the pros and cons of killed (or inactivated) vs. attenuated vaccines.

inactivated vaccines are safer if less effective than attenuated vaccines

Describe the principle behind DNA vaccines.

Combining the genes for the antigens with a plasmid and either inserting the plasmid or inserting a yeast cell containing the plasmid into the patient. Production of antigen by the cells or yeast cells containing the plasmid will cause stimulation of an active immune response creating memory cells and antibodies to the antigen

Explain the principle of herd immunity.

collective immunity through mass immunization confers indirect protection on the nonimmune members

____ is acquired when a mother passes antibodies across the placenta to the fetus.

natural passive immunity

When antibodies clump whole cells together which type of antigen-antibody reaction occurs?

agglutination

Which generation of vaccine is an acellular vaccine, such as the DTaP vaccine?

second

What is immunity through mass immunization indirectly protecting nonimmune members?

herd immunity

Which type of cells interact with the MHC class I molecules?

CD8

Which type of cells interact with the MHC class II molecules?

CD4

What type of cells contain the CD8 marker on their cell surface?

cytotoxic T Cells

____ directly kill virally infected cells and cancer cells by pumping them full of perforin, granzyme, and other toxins?

T-cytotoxic

Which specific cells produce antibodies?

plasma cells

Which specific cell is most important for helping B cells to proliferate and differentiate?

T-Helper 2 cells