front 1 What does skeletal cartilage primarily consist of? | back 1 Water |
front 2 True or False: Skeletal cartilage contains blood vessels and nerves | back 2 False |
front 3 This layer of dense irregular tissue surrounds the cartilage | back 3 Perichondrium |
front 4 True or false: The perichondrium contains blood vessels for nutrient delivery | back 4 True |
front 5 All cartilage contains ____________ in lacunae and extracellular matrix | back 5 Chondrocytes |
front 6 What are the types of skeletal cartilage | back 6 Hyaline, Elastic, Fibro- |
front 7 What type of cartilage is the most abundant type, provides support, flexibility and resilience, and contains only collagen fibers? | back 7 Hyaline |
front 8 What type of cartilage includes articular, costal, respiratory, and nasal cartilage? | back 8 Hyaline |
front 9 What subtype of hyaline cartilage covers the ends of most bones at movable joints, reducing friction? | back 9 Articular cartilage |
front 10 What subtype of hyaline cartilage connects the ribs to the strernum? | back 10 Costal cartilage |
front 11 What subtype of hyaline cartilage forms the skeleton of the larynx and reinforces other respiratory passageways? | back 11 Respiratory cartilage |
front 12 What subtype of hyaline cartilage supports the external nose? | back 12 Nasal cartilage |
front 13 What type of cartilage is found in the external ear, epiglottis (trachea)? | back 13 Elastic cartilage |
front 14 What type of cartilage has thick collagen fibers, great tensile strength, and is located in the menisci of knee and vertebral discs? | back 14 Fibrocartilage |
front 15 In which type of bone growth do cells secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage? (bone replaces cartilage) | back 15 Appositional |
front 16 In which type of bone growth do chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within? | back 16 Interstitial |
front 17 Cartilage can become hardened due to deposit of what? | back 17 Calcium salts |
front 18 What are the groups bones are divided into? | back 18 Axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton |
front 19 Which skeleton group contains the skull, vertebral column and rib cage? | back 19 Axial skeleton |
front 20 Which skeleton group contains the bones of upper and lower limbs, and girdles attaching limbs? | back 20 Appendicular skeleton |
front 21 Classification of bones by shape include? | back 21 long, short, flat, irregular |
front 22 What classification of bones are longer than they are wide? | back 22 Long bones |
front 23 Examples of long bones include? | back 23 limb, wrist, ankle (metacarpal, fallangies) |
front 24 What classification of bones are cube-shaped, include sesamoid bones, and are as wide as they are long? | back 24 Short bones |
front 25 Examples of short bones include? | back 25 carpal bones, in wrist and ankle, patella |
front 26 What classification of bones are thin, flat and slightly curved? | back 26 Flat bones |
front 27 Examples of flat bones include? | back 27 sternum, scapulae, ribs, most skull bones |
front 28 What classification of bones are complicated shapes? | back 28 Irregular bones |
front 29 Examples of irregular bones include? | back 29 vertabrae, coxal (hip) bones |
front 30 One function of bones is mineral and growth factor storage, including what? | back 30 calcium and phosphorous, growth factor resevoir |
front 31 What is hematopoiesis? | back 31 Blood cell formation in red marrow cavities of certain bones |
front 32 What is stored in bone cavities? | back 32 Triglycerides (fat) (yellow bone marrow) |
front 33 One function of bones is hormone production. What hormone is produced? | back 33 Osetocalcin |
front 34 What regulates bone formation, and protects against obesity, glucose intolerance, and diabetes mellitus? | back 34 Osteocalcin |
front 35 What types of bones are made up of thin plates of spongy bone covered by compact bone? | back 35 Short, irregular, and flat |
front 36 The plates are sandwiched between connective tissue membrane. The __________ is the outer layer and the ________ is the inner layer. | back 36 Periosteum, endosteum |
front 37 What is the honeycomb of small needle-like or flat pieces called in spongy bone? | back 37 trabeculae |
front 38 Hyaline cartilage covers the __________ surfaces of bones. | back 38 articular |
front 39 In flat bones, the spongy bone is called the _____. | back 39 diploe |
front 40 The structure of long bones consists of the shaft, or _________, and the ends, or ____________. | back 40 Diaphysis, epiphyses |
front 41 The diaphysis surrounds a central ___________ cavity. | back 41 Medullary |
front 42 In adults, the medullary cavity contains _____________. | back 42 Fat (yellow marrow) |
front 43 What type of cartilage covers the joint surface of each epiphysis? | back 43 articular (hyaline) |
front 44 The epiphyseal line is a remnant of the ________ ________, a disc of hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen the bone. | back 44 Epiphyseal plate |
front 45 What type of membrane covers the external surfaces, except for joint surfaces, and is white and double-layered? | back 45 Periosteum |
front 46 What secures to the bone matrix? | back 46 Sharpeys' fibers |
front 47 The outer fibrous layer of the periosteum is made up of what type of connective tissue? | back 47 Dense irregular |
front 48 What is the inner layer of the periosteum that abuts the bone surface and consists primarily of primitive stem cells called osteogenic cells? | back 48 osteogenic layer |
front 49 True or False: The periosteum is supplied with nerve fibers and blood vessels that pass through the shaft to enter the marrow cavity. | back 49 True |
front 50 Which membrane is made of delicate connective tissue and covers the internal bone surface? | back 50 Endosteum |
front 51 Which membrane contains osteogenic cells that can differentiate into other bone cells? | back 51 Endosteum and periosteum |
front 52 What is found within trabecular cavities of spongy bone and the diploe of flat bones? | back 52 Red marrow (hematopoietic tissue) |
front 53 Where is red marrow found in newborns? | back 53 medullary cavities and spongy bone |
front 54 What are sites of muscle, ligament, and tendon attachment on external surfaces of bones? | back 54 Bone markings |
front 55 What are the types of bone markings? | back 55 projections, depressions, and openings |
front 56 What type of bone marking indicates stress by muscle pull or joint modifications? | back 56 Projections |
front 57 What types of bone markings usually allow nerves or blood vessels to pass? | back 57 depressions and openings |
front 58 What is a process? | back 58 extension of bone/prominence |
front 59 What are the major cell types of bone tissue? | back 59 osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes, bone lining cells, osteoclasts |
front 60 Which type of bone tissue cells are also called osteoprogenitor cells? | back 60 osteogenic cells |
front 61 Which type of bone tissue cells consists of mitotically active stem cells, leads to building of bones, and when stimulated differentiate into osteoblasts or bone lining cells? | back 61 osteogenic cells |
front 62 What are bone-forming cells that secrete unmineralized bone matrix or osteoid? | back 62 osteoblasts |
front 63 Which type of cells include collagen and calcium-binding proteins? | back 63 osteoblasts |
front 64 What types of cells are mature bone cells in lacunae? | back 64 osteocytes |
front 65 Which type of cells monitor and maintain bone matrix, act as stress or strain sensors, and are involved in bone remodeling? | back 65 osteocytes |
front 66 What type of cells are on bone surfaces and are believes to help maintain the matrix? | back 66 bone lining cells |
front 67 The bone lining cells located on the external bone surface are called? | back 67 Periosteal cells |
front 68 The bone lining cells lining internal surfaces are called? | back 68 Endosteal cells |
front 69 What type of cells are derived from hemotopoietic stem cells that become macrophages? | back 69 osteoclasts |
front 70 What type of cells are giant, multinucleate cells for bone resorption? | back 70 osteoclasts |
front 71 Compact bone is also called? | back 71 lamellar bone |
front 72 What is the structural unit of compact bone? | back 72 osteon or Haversian system |
front 73 What are the hollow tubes of bone matrix in the Haversian system called? | back 73 lamellae |
front 74 The central canal that runs through the core of osteon is called? | back 74 Haversian canal |
front 75 The perforating canals that connect blood vessels and nerves of periosteum, medullary cavity and central canal is called? | back 75 Volkmann's canal |
front 76 What are small cavities that contain osteocytes in compact bone? | back 76 lacunae |
front 77 What are hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal, to feed osteocyte cells? | back 77 canaliculi |
front 78 What allows communication and permits nutrients and wastes to be relayed from one osteocyte to another throughout the osteon? | back 78 canaliculi |
front 79 What are the types of lamellae | back 79 interstitial and circumferential |
front 80 Spongy bone appears poorly organized and contains what? | back 80 trabeculae |
front 81 What are the organic components of bone? | back 81 cells and osteoid |
front 82 The resilience of bone is due to ________ _________ in or between collagen molecules. | back 82 sacrificial bonds |