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33 notecards = 9 pages (4 cards per page)

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Chapter 8

front 1

Genetics is the study of

back 1

what genes are, how they carry information, how their information is expressed, and how they are replicated and passed to subsequent generations or other organisms.

front 2

DNA in cells exists as

back 2

a double-stranded helix

front 3

double-stranded helix; the two strands are held together by

back 3

by hydrogen bonds
between specific nitrogenous base pairs: AT and CG.

front 4

A gene is a segment of DNA

back 4

DNA

front 5

DNA is a sequence of

back 5

a sequence of nucleotides that codes for a functional product, usually a protein.

front 6

The DNA in a cell is duplicated before the cell divides

back 6

before the cell divides

front 7

T or False
After division each daughter cell receives the same genetic information.

back 7

True

front 8

Genotype is

back 8

-the genetic composition of an organism,
-its entire complement of DNA

front 9

Phenotype is

back 9

-the expression of the genes:
-the proteins of the cell and the properties they confer on the organism.

front 10

The DNA in a chromosome exists as

back 10

one long double helix one long double helix associated with various proteins that regulate
genetic activity.

front 11

double helix is associated with various

back 11

associated with various proteins that regulate
genetic activity.

front 12

What shape is bacterial DNA

back 12

circular

front 13

Genomics is

back 13

the molecular characterization of genomes

front 14

Information contained in the DNA is transcribed into RNA and translated into proteins at the ribosome.

back 14

RNA and translated into proteins at the ribosome.

front 15

Information contained in the DNA is translated into

back 15

translated into proteins at the ribosome.

front 16

. During DNA replication, the two strands of the double helix separate at the

back 16

replication fork

front 17

each strand is used as a template by ___________ to synthesize two new strands of DNA

back 17

DNA polymerases

front 18

The two new strands of DNA are matched according to the rules of

back 18

nitrogenous base pairing.

front 19

The result of DNA replication is

back 19

two new strands of DNA, each having a base sequence complementary
to one of the original strands.

front 20

Because each double-stranded DNA molecule contains one original and one new strand, the replication
process is called

back 20

semiconservative.

front 21

T or F
DNA is Synthesized in one direction designated 5’-3’

back 21

T

front 22

T or F
DNA polymerase proofreads new molecules of DNA and removes mismatched bases before continuing
DNA synthesis.

back 22

T

front 23

Each daughter bacterium receives a

back 23

chromosome that is virtually identical to the parent’s

front 24

the enzyme RNA polymerase synthesizes a strand of RNA from one strand of double-stranded DNA, which serves as a template during what process

back 24

transcription

front 25

RNA is synthesized from

back 25

nucleotides containing the bases A, C, G, and U

front 26

the process in which the information in the nucleotide base sequence of mRNA is used to dictate the amino acid sequence of a protein

back 26

Translation

front 27

The mRNA associates with

back 27

ribosomes, which consist of rRNA and protein.

front 28

Three-base segments of mRNA that specify amino acids are called

back 28

codons

front 29

The genetic code refers to

back 29

the relationship among the nucleotide base sequence of DNA, the corresponding
codons of mRNA, and the amino acids for which the codons code

front 30

The start codon

back 30

AUG, codes for methionine

front 31

Translation ends when

back 31

the ribosome reaches a stop codon on the mRNA

front 32

A mutation is a change in the

back 32

nitrogenous base sequence of DNA; that change causes a change in
the product coded for by the mutated gene.

front 33

Many mutations are _________

back 33

nuetral