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Chapter- 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation - Part A

front 1

Which term describes the degree to which an element attracts electrons?

back 1

Electronegativity

Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract electrons toward itself.

front 2

Which terms describe two atoms when they form a bond in which electrons are completely transferred from one atom to the other?

back 2

Anion and cation.

Each atom will carry a charge from the transfer of electrons.

front 3

Which of the following statements is true of the bonds in a water molecule?

back 3

Oxygen holds electrons more tightly than hydrogen does, and the net charge is zero

The oxygen and hydrogen atoms in water have partial charges, but the molecule has a net charge of zero.

front 4

Which of the following statements is not true of most cellular redox reactions?

back 4

A hydrogen atom is transferred to the atom that loses an electron

A hydrogen atom (proton, or H+) is often transferred to the atom that gains an electron.

front 5

What kind of bond is formed when lithium and fluorine combine to form lithium fluoride?

back 5

Ionic.

The complete transfer of an electron from lithium to fluorine results in a stable compound in which both atoms have full outermost shells.

front 6

Gaseous hydrogen burns in the presence of oxygen to form water:

2H2 + O2 → 2H2 O + energy

Which molecule is oxidized and what kind of bond is formed?

back 6

Hydrogen, polar.

Hydrogen loses electrons to oxygen, which is more electronegative and thus pulls the electrons closer to itself in the water molecule

front 7

Which of the following best describes the main purpose of the combined processes of glycolysis and cellular respiration?

back 7

transforming the energy in glucose and related molecules in a chemical form that cells can use for work

The energy made available during cellular respiration is coupled to a production of ATP, the basic energy currency that cells use for work.

front 8

In the combined processes of glycolysis and cellular respiration, what is consumed and what is produced?

back 8

Glucose is consumed, and carbon dioxide is produced.

The carbon in glucose is oxidized to carbon dioxide during cellular respiration.

front 9

Why does the oxidation of organic compounds by molecular oxygen to produce CO2 and water release free energy?

back 9

Electrons are being moved from atoms that have a lower affinity for electrons (such as C) to atoms with a higher affinity for electrons (such as O

front 10

Which of the following statements describes the results of this reaction?
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy

back 10

C6H12O6 is oxidized and O2 is reduced.

front 11

When a glucose molecule loses a hydrogen atom as the result of an oxidation-reduction reaction, the molecule becomes

back 11

oxidized.

front 12

When a molecule of NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) gains a hydrogen atom (not a proton), the molecule becomes

back 12

reduced.

front 13

Where does glycolysis take place in eukaryotic cells?

back 13

cytosol

front 14

The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by

back 14

substrate-level phosphorylation

front 15

The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event?

back 15

accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

front 16

Why are carbohydrates and fats considered high energy foods?

back 16

They have a lot of electrons associated with hydrogen.

front 17

Glycolysis
From the following compounds involved in cellular respiration, choose those that are the net inputs and net outputs of glycolysis.

back 17

front 18

Acetyl CoA Formation
In acetyl CoA formation, the carbon-containing compound from glycolysis is oxidized to produce acetyl CoA. From the following compounds involved in cellular respiration, choose those that are the net inputs and net outputs of acetyl CoA formation.

back 18

front 19

Oxidative Phosphorylation
In the last stage of cellular respiration, oxidative phosphorylation, all of the reduced electron carriers produced in the previous stages are oxidized by oxygen via the electron transport chain. The energy from this oxidation is stored in a form that is used by most other energy-requiring reactions in cells.
From the following compounds involved in cellular respiration, choose those that are the net inputs and net outputs of oxidative phosphorylation.

back 19

front 20

Cellular locations of the four stages of cellular respiration
Each of the four stages of cellular respiration occurs in a specific location inside or outside the mitochondria. These locations permit precise regulation and partitioning of cellular resources to optimize the utilization of cellular energy.

back 20

front 21

Citric Acid Cycle
In the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle), acetyl CoA is completely oxidized. From the following compounds involved in cellular respiration, choose those that are the net inputs and net outputs of the citric acid cycle.

back 21

front 22

Redox (oxidation-reduction) reactions in glycolysis
In glycolysis, as in all the stages of cellular respiration, the transfer of electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors plays a critical role in the overall conversion of the energy in foods to energy in ATP. These reactions involving electron transfers are known as oxidation-reduction, or redox, reactions.

back 22

front 23

Energy from glycolysis
Among the products of glycolysis, which compounds contain energy that can be used by other biological reactions?

back 23

pyruvate, ATP, and NADH

ATP is the main product of cellular respiration that contains energy that can be used by other cellular processes. Some ATP is made in glycolysis. In addition, the NADH and pyruvate produced in glycolysis are used in subsequent steps of cellular respiration to make even more ATP.

front 24

The ATP that is generated in glycolysis is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation, a very different mechanism than the one used to produce ATP during oxidative phosphorylation. Phosphorylation reactions involve the addition of a phosphate group to another molecule.

back 24

front 25

How many NADH are produced by glycolysis?

back 25

2

Two NADH molecules are produced by glycolysis.

front 26

In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____.

back 26

substrate-level phosphorylation

A phosphate group is transferred from glyceraldehyde phosphate to ADP

front 27

Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis?

back 27

FADH2

FADH2 is a product of the citric acid cycle.

front 28

In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose oxidation?

back 28

ATP

Some ATP energy is used to start the process of glucose oxidation.

front 29

In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP

back 29

2

It takes 2 ATP to produce 4 ATP

front 30

Glycolysis

back 30

front 31

Which of the following describes the process of glycolysis?

back 31

It represents the first stage in the chemical oxidation of glucose by a cell.

Catabolism of glucose begins with glycolysis.

front 32

Substrate-level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percentage of the ATP formed by the reactions of glycolysis?

back 32

100%

front 33

In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis?

back 33

NADH and pyruvate

front 34

In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate

back 34

two molecules of ATP are used and four molecules of ATP are produced.

front 35

A molecule that is phosphorylated

back 35

has an increased chemical potential energy; it is primed to do cellular work.

front 36

Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis?

back 36

an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not metabolized